说明：  This paper presents a hybrid framework of feature extraction and hidden Markov modeling (HMM) for two-dimensional pattern recognition. Importantly, we explore a new discriminative training criterion to assure model compactness and discriminability. This criterion is derived from the hypothesis test theory via maximizing the confidence of accepting the hypothesis that observations are from target HMM states rather than competing HMM states. Accordingly, we develop the maximum confidence hidden Markov modeling (MC-HMM) for face recognition.