说明：  Turbo codes were first proposed by Berrou (and others) in 1993. Since its introduction, turbo code has become the coding technique of choice in many communication and storage systems due to its near Shannon limit error correction capability. These applications include 3GPP, consultative committee for space application (CCSDS) telemetry channel coding, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and 3GPP LTE, which require throughputs in the range from two t