说明：  首先，DNS在早期阶段将整个群体分成许多子群，并且随着进化过程周期性地减少子群的数量（即，增加每个子群的大小）。 这有利于早期平衡探索能力和后期开发能力。 其次，在具有特定数量的子群的每个DNS时段中，SRS基于全局最佳位置的停滞信息来重新组合这些子群。 这有助于在不同的子群之间传播和共享这些信息，以提高开发能力。 第三，PDS依靠搜索过程的一些历史信息来检测人口是否已经陷入潜在的局部最优，从而帮助群体跳出当前的局部最优，以获得更好的探索能力。
(Firstly, the DNS dividesthe entire population into many sub-swarms in the early stage and periodically reduces the numberof sub-swarms (i.e., increase the size of each sub-swarm) along with the evolutionary process. This ishelpful for balancing the exploration ability early and the exploitation ability late, respectively. Secondly,in each DNS period with special number of sub-swarms, the SRS is to regroup these sub-swarms basedon the stagnancy information of the global best position. This is helpful for diffusing and sharing thesearch information among different sub-swarms to enhance the exploitation ability. Thirdly, the PDSis relying on some historical information of the search process to detect whether the population hasbeen trapped into a potential local optimum, so as to help the population jump out of the current localoptimum for better exploration ability.)