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LICENSE (18047, 2023-10-02)

# JAVA 8 - Cheat Sheet ## Lambda Expression ```java (int a) -> a * 2; // Calculate the double of a a -> a * 2; // or simply without type ``` ```java (a, b) -> a + b; // Sum of 2 parameters ``` If the lambda is more than one expression we can use `{ }` and `return` ```java (x, y) -> { int sum = x + y; int avg = sum / 2; return avg; } ``` A lambda expression cannot stand alone in Java, it need to be associated to a functional interface. ```java interface MyMath { int getDoubleOf(int a); } MyMath d = a -> a * 2; // associated to the interface d.getDoubleOf(4); // is 8 ``` --- All examples with "list" use : ```java List list = [Bohr, Darwin, Galilei, Tesla, Einstein, Newton] ``` ## Collections **sort** `sort(list, comparator)` ```java list.sort((a, b) -> a.length() - b.length()) list.sort(Comparator.comparing(n -> n.length())); // same list.sort(Comparator.comparing(String::length)); // same //> [Bohr, Tesla, Darwin, Newton, Galilei, Einstein] ``` **removeIf** ```java list.removeIf(w -> w.length() < 6); //> [Darwin, Galilei, Einstein, Newton] ``` **merge** `merge(key, value, remappingFunction)` ```java Map names = new HashMap<>(); names.put("Albert", "Ein?"); names.put("Marie", "Curie"); names.put("Max", "Plank"); // Value "Albert" exists // {Marie=Curie, Max=Plank, Albert=Einstein} names.merge("Albert", "stein", (old, val) -> old.substring(0, 3) + val); // Value "Newname" don't exists // {Marie=Curie, Newname=stein, Max=Plank, Albert=Einstein} names.merge("Newname", "stein", (old, val) -> old.substring(0, 3) + val); ``` ## Method Expressions `Class::staticMethod` Allows to reference methods (and constructors) without executing them ```java // Lambda Form: getPrimes(numbers, a -> StaticMethod.isPrime(a)); // Method Reference: getPrimes(numbers, StaticMethod::isPrime); ``` | Method Reference | Lambda Form | | ---------------- | ----------- | | `StaticMethod::isPrime` | `n -> StaticMethod.isPrime(n)` | | `String::toUpperCase` | `(String w) -> w.toUpperCase()` | | `String::compareTo` | `(String s, String t) -> s.compareTo(t)` | | `System.out::println` | `x -> System.out.println(x)` | | `Double::new` | `n -> new Double(n)` | | `String[]::new` | `(int n) -> new String[n]` | ## Streams Similar to collections, but - They don't store their own data - The data comes from elsewhere (collection, file, db, web, ...) - *immutable* (produce new streams) - *lazy* (only computes what is necessary !) ```java // Will compute just 3 "filter" Stream longNames = list .filter(n -> n.length() > 8) .limit(3); ``` **Create a new stream** ```java Stream stream = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11); Stream stream = Stream.of("Jazz", "Blues", "Rock"); Stream stream = Stream.of(myArray); // or from an array Stream stream = list.stream(); // or from a list // Infinit stream [0; inf[ Stream integers = Stream.iterate(0, n -> n + 1); ``` **Collecting results** ```java // Collect into an array (::new is the constructor reference) String[] myArray = stream.toArray(String[]::new); // Collect into a List or Set List myList = stream.collect(Collectors.toList()); Set mySet = stream.collect(Collectors.toSet()); // Collect into a String String str = list.collect(Collectors.joining(", ")); ``` **map** `map(mapper)`
Applying a function to each element ```java // Apply "toLowerCase" for each element Stream res = stream.map(w -> w.toLowerCase()); Stream res = stream.map(String::toLowerCase); //> bohr darwin galilei tesla einstein newton Stream res = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).map(x -> x + 1); //> 2 3 4 5 6 ``` **filter** `filter(predicate)`
Retains elements that match the predicate ```java // Filter elements that begin with "E" res = stream.filter(n -> n.substring(0, 1).equals("E")); //> Einstein res = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).filter(x -> x < 3); //> 1 2 ``` **reduce**
Reduce the elements to a single value ```java String reduced = stream.reduce("", (acc, el) -> acc + "|" + el); //> |Bohr|Darwin|Galilei|Tesla|Einstein|Newton ``` **limit** `limit(maxSize)`
Select the n first elements ```java res = stream.limit(3); //> Bohr Darwin Galilei ``` **skip**
Discarding the first n elements ```java res = stream.skip(2); // skip Bohr and Darwin //> Galilei Tesla Einstein Newton ``` **distinct**
Remove duplicated elemetns ```java res = Stream.of(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1).distinct(); //> 1 0 ``` **sorted**
Sort elements (must be *Comparable*) ```java res = stream.sorted(); //> Bohr Darwin Einstein Galilei Newton Tesla ``` **allMatch** / **noneMatch** ```java // Check if there is a "e" in each elements boolean res = words.allMatch(n -> n.contains("e")); ``` anyMatch: Check if there is a "e" in an element
noneMatch: Check if there is no "e" in elements **parallel**
Returns an equivalent stream that is parallel **findAny**
faster than findFirst on parallel streams ### Primitive-Type Streams Wrappers (like Stream) are inefficients. It requires a lot of unboxing and boxing for each element. Better to use `IntStream`, `DoubleStream`, etc. **Creation** ```java IntStream stream = IntStream.of(1, 2, 3, 5, 7); stream = IntStream.of(myArray); // from an array stream = IntStream.range(5, 80); // range from 5 to 80 Random gen = new Random(); IntStream rand = gen(1, 9); // stream of randoms ``` Use *mapToX* (mapToObj, mapToDouble, etc.) if the function yields Object, double, etc. values. ### Grouping Results **Collectors.groupingBy** ```java // Groupe by length Map> groups = stream.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(w -> w.length())); //> {4=[Bohr], 5=[Tesla], 6=[Darwin, Newton], 7=[Galilei], 8=[Einstein]} ``` **Collectors.toSet** ```java // Same as before but with Set Map> groups2 = stream.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(w -> w.substring(0, 1), Collectors.toSet())); //> {B=[Bohr], T=[Tesla], D=[Darwin], E=[Einstein], G=[Galilei], N=[Newton]} ``` **Collectors.counting**
Count the number of values in a group **Collectors.summing__**
`summingInt`, `summingLong`, `summingDouble` to sum group values **Collectors.averaging__**
`averagingInt`, `averagingLong`, ... to average group values ```java // Average length of each element of a group Collectors.averagingInt(String::length) ``` *PS*: Don't forget Optional (like `Map>`) with some Collection methods (like `Collectors.maxBy`). ### Parallel Streams **Creation** ```java Stream parStream = list.parallelStream(); Stream parStream = Stream.of(myArray).parallel(); ``` **unordered** Can speed up the `limit` or `distinct` ```java stream.parallelStream().unordered().distinct(); ``` *PS*: Work with the streams library. Eg. use `filter(x -> x.length() < 9)` instead of a `forEach` with an `if`. ## Optional In Java, it is common to use null to denote absence of result.
Problems when no checks: `NullPointerException`. ```java // Optional contains a string or nothing Optional res = stream .filter(w -> w.length() > 10) .findFirst(); // length of the value or "" if nothing int length = res.orElse("").length(); // run the lambda if there is a value res.ifPresent(v -> results.add(v)); ``` Return an Optional ```java Optional squareRoot(double x) { if (x >= 0) { return Optional.of(Math.sqrt(x)); } else { return Optional.empty(); } } ``` --- **Note on inferance limitations** ```java interface Pair { A first(); B second(); } ``` A steam of type `Stream>` : - `stream.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Pair::first)) // ok` - `stream.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Pair::first).thenComparing(Pair::second)) // dont work` Java cannot infer type for the `.comparing(Pair::first)` part and fallback to Object, on which `Pair::first` cannot be applied. The required type for the whole expression cannot be propagated through the method call (`.thenComparing`) and used to infer type of the first part. Type *must* be given explicitly. ```java stream.sorted( Comparator., String>comparing(Pair::first) .thenComparing(Pair::second) ) // ok ``` --- This cheat sheet was based on the lecture of Cay Horstmann http://horstmann.com/heig-vd/spring2015/poo/

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