inverter-design.rar_inverter_wave_多媒体编程

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">55</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Journal of Science and T<span class="_ _0"></span>echnology</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Development of Microcontroller<span class="_ _1"></span>-</div><div class="t m0 x4 h3 y4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Based Inverter Control Circuit </div><div class="t m0 x5 h3 y5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">for Residential <span class="_ _1"></span>W<span class="_ _0"></span>ind Generator </div><div class="t m0 x6 h3 y6 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Application</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y7 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ahmad Firdaus <span class="_ _0"></span>Ahmad Zaidi</div><div class="t m0 x8 h5 y8 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 y7 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, Riza Muhida</div><div class="t m0 xa h5 y8 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">b</div><div class="t m0 xb h4 y7 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, <span class="_ _0"></span>Ahmad Mujahid <span class="_ _1"></span>Ahmad Zaidi</div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y8 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c</div><div class="t m0 xd h4 y7 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m0 xe h4 y9 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Sazali <span class="_ _1"></span>Y<span class="_ _0"></span>aacob</div><div class="t m0 xf h5 ya ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">d</div><div class="t m0 x10 h4 y9 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, Nur Hidayah <span class="_ _0"></span>Ahmad Zaidi</div><div class="t m0 x11 h5 ya ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">e</div><div class="t m0 x12 h5 yb ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a,b</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 yc ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Department of Mechatronics Engineering, International Islamic University </div><div class="t m0 x13 h4 yd ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Malaysia</div><div class="t m0 x14 h5 ye ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">a,d</div><div class="t m0 x15 h4 yf ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis</div><div class="t m0 x16 h5 y10 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c</div><div class="t m0 x14 h4 y11 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Faculty of Engineering, National Defense University of Malaysia</div><div class="t m0 x17 h5 y12 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">e</div><div class="t m0 x18 h4 y13 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">School of Material Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis</div><div class="t m0 x19 h6 y14 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">*Corr<span class="_ _1"></span>espondingemail:ar<span class="_ _1"></span>daus.zaidi@gmail.com</div><div class="t m0 x1a h7 y15 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y16 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The <span class="_ _2"> </span>current <span class="_ _2"> </span>usage <span class="_ _2"> </span>level <span class="_ _2"> </span>of <span class="_ _2"> </span>wind <span class="_ _2"> </span>power <span class="_ _2"> </span>as <span class="_ _2"> </span>alternative <span class="_ _2"> </span>source <span class="_ _2"> </span>of <span class="_ _2"> </span>energy <span class="_ _2"> </span>in </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y17 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Malaysia <span class="_ _0"></span>is <span class="_ _1"></span>very <span class="_ _0"></span>low<span class="_ _1"></span>. <span class="_ _0"></span>Ironically<span class="_ _0"></span>, <span class="_ _1"></span>some <span class="_ _0"></span>areas <span class="_ _1"></span>particularly <span class="_ _1"></span>coastal <span class="_ _0"></span>area <span class="_ _1"></span>has <span class="_ _0"></span>steady </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y18 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">wind energy supply <span class="_ _3"></span>that is <span class="_ _3"></span>potential to <span class="_ _3"></span>generate electricity <span class="_ _3"></span>for residential <span class="_ _3"></span>use. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y19 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">There <span class="_ _0"></span>is <span class="_ _1"></span>urgent <span class="_ _0"></span>need <span class="_ _1"></span>to <span class="_ _0"></span>locally <span class="_ _1"></span>develop <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>low <span class="_ _0"></span>cost <span class="_ _1"></span>wind <span class="_ _1"></span>turbine <span class="_ _0"></span>generator <span class="_ _1"></span>that </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">has <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>capability <span class="_ _1"></span>to <span class="_ _1"></span>not <span class="_ _1"></span>only <span class="_ _1"></span>supply <span class="_ _1"></span>electricity <span class="_ _1"></span>to <span class="_ _4"></span>respective <span class="_ _1"></span>household <span class="_ _1"></span>but <span class="_ _1"></span>can </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">be <span class="_ _1"></span>connected <span class="_ _1"></span>to <span class="_ _1"></span>power <span class="_ _1"></span>grid <span class="_ _0"></span>so <span class="_ _1"></span>that <span class="_ _1"></span>excess <span class="_ _1"></span>power <span class="_ _1"></span>could <span class="_ _1"></span>be <span class="_ _1"></span>sold <span class="_ _1"></span>back <span class="_ _1"></span>to <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>local </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">utility <span class="_ _5"></span>company<span class="_ _0"></span>. <span class="_ _5"></span>Recent <span class="_ _5"></span>developments <span class="_ _5"></span>of <span class="_ _5"></span>power <span class="_ _5"></span>electronic <span class="_ _5"></span>converters <span class="_ _5"></span>allow </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">stable <span class="_ _3"></span>supply <span class="_ _3"></span>needed <span class="_ _6"></span>for <span class="_ _3"></span>grid <span class="_ _3"></span>transfer <span class="_ _6"></span>in <span class="_ _3"></span>respect <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>nature <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>wind <span class="_ _6"></span>dynamics, </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">enhanced <span class="_ _6"></span>power <span class="_ _6"></span>extraction <span class="_ _6"></span>and <span class="_ _6"></span>low <span class="_ _6"></span>total <span class="_ _6"></span>harmonic <span class="_ _6"></span>distortion <span class="_ _6"></span>(THD). <span class="_ _6"></span>In <span class="_ _6"></span>this </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y1f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">project, an <span class="_ _1"></span>inverter circuit <span class="_ _1"></span>with suitable control <span class="_ _1"></span>scheme design <span class="_ _4"></span>is developed <span class="_ _1"></span>to </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y20 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">be used <span class="_ _3"></span>with a 500W permanent magnet <span class="_ _3"></span>type wind generator <span class="_ _3"></span>which is typical </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y21 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">for <span class="_ _5"></span>residential <span class="_ _7"></span>use. <span class="_ _5"></span>Expected <span class="_ _7"></span>circuit <span class="_ _5"></span>output <span class="_ _7"></span>is <span class="_ _5"></span>single <span class="_ _7"></span>phase <span class="_ _5"></span>240V <span class="_ _5"></span>sine <span class="_ _7"></span>wave </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y22 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">voltage <span class="_ _2"> </span>which <span class="_ _8"> </span>is <span class="_ _2"> </span>nominal <span class="_ _8"> </span>grid <span class="_ _2"> </span>voltage <span class="_ _8"> </span>with <span class="_ _2"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>total <span class="_ _8"> </span>harmonics <span class="_ _2"> </span>distortion </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y23 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(THD) <span class="_ _1"></span>of voltage <span class="_ _1"></span>across <span class="_ _1"></span>load should <span class="_ _1"></span>not <span class="_ _4"></span>exceed <span class="_ _1"></span>5% as <span class="_ _1"></span>recommended <span class="_ _1"></span>by IEEE </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y24 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Standard <span class="_ _6"></span>519-1992. <span class="_ _6"></span>The <span class="_ _6"></span>simulation <span class="_ _6"></span>and <span class="_ _6"></span>experimental <span class="_ _6"></span>results <span class="_ _5"></span>are <span class="_ _6"></span>included <span class="_ _6"></span>in </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y25 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the paper<span class="_ _0"></span>.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y26 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Keywords: Micro-controller; Inverter; Boost Converter; SPWM; THD.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">56</div><div class="t m0 x1b h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Journal of Science and T<span class="_ _0"></span>echnology</div><div class="t m0 x1c h8 y29 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1 INTRODUCTION</div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Residential <span class="_ _5"></span>type <span class="_ _7"> </span>wind <span class="_ _7"></span>generator <span class="_ _5"></span>normally <span class="_ _7"></span>is <span class="_ _7"></span>referred <span class="_ _5"></span>to <span class="_ _7"></span>small <span class="_ _5"></span>wind <span class="_ _7"> </span>turbines </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of <span class="_ _3"></span>with <span class="_ _6"></span>capacity <span class="_ _3"></span>less <span class="_ _6"></span>than <span class="_ _3"></span>3kW<span class="_ _0"></span>. <span class="_ _3"></span>They <span class="_ _3"></span>are <span class="_ _6"></span>normally <span class="_ _3"></span>installed <span class="_ _6"></span>at <span class="_ _3"></span>house <span class="_ _6"></span>lawn <span class="_ _6"></span>or </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">some <span class="_ _3"></span>were <span class="_ _3"></span>even small <span class="_ _3"></span>enough <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>be <span class="_ _3"></span>mounted on <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>rooftops. <span class="_ _3"></span>They were <span class="_ _3"></span>also </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">implemented <span class="_ _1"></span>by the <span class="_ _1"></span>consumer mainly <span class="_ _1"></span>as standalone <span class="_ _1"></span>system <span class="_ _4"></span>in <span class="_ _1"></span>remote areas <span class="_ _1"></span>not </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">accessible <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>electricity <span class="_ _3"></span>grid <span class="_ _6"></span>but <span class="_ _6"></span>has <span class="_ _6"></span>high <span class="_ _6"></span>wind <span class="_ _6"></span>or <span class="_ _3"></span>part <span class="_ _6"></span>of <span class="_ _6"></span>hybrid <span class="_ _6"></span>system <span class="_ _6"></span>with </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y2f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">photovoltaic <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>reduce <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _6"></span>dependency <span class="_ _3"></span>on <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>electricity <span class="_ _3"></span>consumption <span class="_ _6"></span>bought </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y30 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">from utility companies [1,2]. <span class="_ _3"></span>Due to generally low electricity consumption <span class="_ _3"></span>for </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y31 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">residential <span class="_ _0"></span>use <span class="_ _9"></span>per <span class="_ _9"></span>household, <span class="_ _0"></span>a <span class="_ _9"></span>variable <span class="_ _0"></span>speed <span class="_ _9"></span>operation <span class="_ _0"></span>of <span class="_ _9"></span>residential <span class="_ _0"></span>type <span class="_ _9"></span>wind </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y32 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">turbines can be implemented at areas where minimum speed of wind available </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y33 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">between <span class="_ _6"></span>3m/s <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>7m/s. <span class="_ _6"></span>W<span class="_ _1"></span>ithin <span class="_ _6"></span>these <span class="_ _6"></span>speeds, <span class="_ _6"></span>voltage <span class="_ _6"></span>generated <span class="_ _6"></span>at <span class="_ _6"></span>a <span class="_ _6"></span>particular </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y34 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">500W <span class="_ _3"></span>wind <span class="_ _3"></span>generator <span class="_ _3"></span>permanent <span class="_ _3"></span>magnet <span class="_ _3"></span>type <span class="_ _3"></span>is <span class="_ _3"></span>around <span class="_ _6"></span>18V<span class="_ _4"></span> <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>30V <span class="_ _3"></span>[3]. <span class="_ _3"></span>One </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y35 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">particular <span class="_ _2"> </span>example <span class="_ _2"> </span>of <span class="_ _2"> </span>savings <span class="_ _2"> </span>by <span class="_ _2"> </span>consumer <span class="_ _2"> </span>when <span class="_ _2"> </span>using <span class="_ _2"> </span>WECS: <span class="_ _2"> </span>If <span class="_ _2"> </span>a <span class="_ _2"> </span>small </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y36 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">wind energy system <span class="_ _3"></span>of 500W can operate <span class="_ _3"></span>for 8 <span class="_ _3"></span>hours minimum, the <span class="_ _3"></span>particular </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y37 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">household <span class="_ _5"></span>can <span class="_ _7"></span>save <span class="_ _5"></span>about <span class="_ _5"></span>40% <span class="_ _7"></span>from <span class="_ _5"></span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>usual <span class="_ _7"></span>electricity <span class="_ _5"></span>bills. <span class="_ _7"></span>Lately<span class="_ _0"></span>, <span class="_ _5"></span>there </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y38 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is <span class="_ _3"></span>an <span class="_ _3"></span>increasing <span class="_ _3"></span>trend <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>enable <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>WECS <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>supply <span class="_ _3"></span>excess <span class="_ _6"></span>generated <span class="_ _3"></span>energy </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y39 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">back <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _5"></span>the <span class="_ _6"></span>electricity <span class="_ _5"></span>grid. <span class="_ _6"></span>The <span class="_ _6"></span>public <span class="_ _5"></span>demand <span class="_ _6"></span>for <span class="_ _5"></span>this <span class="_ _6"></span>capability <span class="_ _5"></span>is <span class="_ _6"></span>high <span class="_ _5"></span>on </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">residential type market <span class="_ _3"></span>segment particularly after introduction of <span class="_ _3"></span>net-metering </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">policy <span class="_ _1"></span>in <span class="_ _1"></span>some countries <span class="_ _0"></span>like <span class="_ _1"></span>United States <span class="_ _0"></span>and Canada, <span class="_ _0"></span>where <span class="_ _1"></span>consumers were </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">allowed to sold back to the utility companies to of<span class="_ _1"></span>fset their consumption [1,2]. </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">After all, promoting <span class="_ _3"></span>this policy could <span class="_ _3"></span>prove benecial to both <span class="_ _3"></span>utility company </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and <span class="_ _3"></span>consumers <span class="_ _3"></span>as advantages <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>connecting <span class="_ _3"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>lar<span class="_ _4"></span>ge <span class="_ _3"></span>number <span class="_ _3"></span>of these <span class="_ _3"></span>‘stations’<span class="_ _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y3f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>grid are: <span class="_ _3"></span>1. <span class="_ _3"></span>reduction <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>manufacturing <span class="_ _3"></span>cost to <span class="_ _3"></span>utility <span class="_ _3"></span>power <span class="_ _3"></span>stations; <span class="_ _3"></span>2. </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y40 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">increased <span class="_ _3"></span>reliability <span class="_ _6"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>supply <span class="_ _6"></span>system <span class="_ _3"></span>and <span class="_ _6"></span>3. <span class="_ _3"></span>reducing <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>consumer<span class="_ _3"></span>’<span class="_ _1"></span>s <span class="_ _3"></span>bill </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y41 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[2]. </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y42 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _a"> </span>For grid-connection feature, <span class="_ _3"></span>the quality of <span class="_ _3"></span>power generated by WECS </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y43 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">has <span class="_ _1"></span>to meet <span class="_ _1"></span>some <span class="_ _1"></span>criteria. Ener<span class="_ _1"></span>gy generated <span class="_ _0"></span>must be <span class="_ _1"></span>synchronized <span class="_ _1"></span>with voltage </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y44 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">at the <span class="_ _3"></span>grid rst <span class="_ _3"></span>before being phase <span class="_ _3"></span>shifted to <span class="_ _3"></span>make possible the <span class="_ _3"></span>power transfer </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y45 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to the grid. <span class="_ _1"></span>For smooth synchronization process <span class="_ _1"></span>between energy generated <span class="_ _1"></span>and </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y46 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">energy <span class="_ _5"></span>at <span class="_ _2"> </span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>grid, <span class="_ _2"> </span>3 <span class="_ _5"></span>conditions <span class="_ _2"> </span>must <span class="_ _5"></span>be <span class="_ _2"> </span>met: <span class="_ _5"></span>1) <span class="_ _7"> </span>V<span class="_ _9"></span>oltage <span class="_ _7"></span>of <span class="_ _7"></span>generator <span class="_ _7"> </span>must </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y47 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">be <span class="_ _7"> </span>equal <span class="_ _2"> </span>to <span class="_ _7"> </span>grid <span class="_ _2"> </span>voltage, <span class="_ _7"></span>2) <span class="_ _7"> </span>Frequency <span class="_ _2"> </span>of <span class="_ _7"> </span>both <span class="_ _2"> </span>voltages <span class="_ _7"></span>must <span class="_ _7"> </span>be <span class="_ _2"> </span>the <span class="_ _7"> </span>same, </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y48 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and <span class="_ _2"> </span>3) <span class="_ _7"> </span>Phase <span class="_ _2"> </span>shift <span class="_ _2"> </span>between <span class="_ _7"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>two <span class="_ _2"> </span>sources <span class="_ _2"> </span>must <span class="_ _7"> </span>be <span class="_ _2"> </span>zero <span class="_ _2"> </span>[2]. <span class="_ _7"> </span>Considering </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y49 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Malaysian <span class="_ _3"></span>grid <span class="_ _3"></span>voltage <span class="_ _3"></span>specication: <span class="_ _3"></span>The <span class="_ _3"></span>voltage <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>supplied <span class="_ _3"></span>power <span class="_ _3"></span>must </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y4a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">be <span class="_ _2"> </span>maintained <span class="_ _7"> </span>consistently <span class="_ _2"> </span>240V<span class="_ _4"></span> <span class="_ _2"> </span>with <span class="_ _7"> </span>+5% <span class="_ _2"> </span>and <span class="_ _2"> </span>-10% <span class="_ _7"> </span>tolerance, <span class="_ _2"> </span>sinusoidal </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y4b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">AC <span class="_ _3"></span>type <span class="_ _3"></span>with <span class="_ _6"></span>frequency <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>50Hz <span class="_ _3"></span>[4]. <span class="_ _3"></span>The <span class="_ _3"></span>total <span class="_ _3"></span>harmonic <span class="_ _6"></span>distortion <span class="_ _3"></span>(THD) <span class="_ _3"></span>of </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y4c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the voltage <span class="_ _3"></span>must be <span class="_ _3"></span>kept at <span class="_ _3"></span>minimum and <span class="_ _3"></span>according to <span class="_ _3"></span>recommended limit <span class="_ _3"></span>by </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y4d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">IEEE Standard 519-1992: has to be kept at less than 5% [5].</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">57</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Journal of Science and T<span class="_ _0"></span>echnology</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y4e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _a"> </span>Inverter is actually one type <span class="_ _3"></span>of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y4f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">that <span class="_ _3"></span>transforms <span class="_ _6"></span>voltage <span class="_ _3"></span>from <span class="_ _6"></span>direct <span class="_ _3"></span>current <span class="_ _6"></span>(DC) <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>alternating <span class="_ _3"></span>current <span class="_ _6"></span>(AC). </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y50 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Normally it <span class="_ _3"></span>is used <span class="_ _3"></span>together with <span class="_ _3"></span>boost DC-DC <span class="_ _3"></span>converter and <span class="_ _3"></span>rectier circuit </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y51 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">in power <span class="_ _1"></span>converter topology to <span class="_ _1"></span>increase the <span class="_ _4"></span>low <span class="_ _0"></span>AC voltage <span class="_ _1"></span>generated at wind </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y52 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">generator <span class="_ _5"></span>terminal <span class="_ _5"></span>to <span class="_ _5"></span>nominal <span class="_ _6"></span>AC <span class="_ _5"></span>load <span class="_ _5"></span>and <span class="_ _5"></span>grid <span class="_ _5"></span>voltage. <span class="_ _5"></span>This <span class="_ _5"></span>topology <span class="_ _5"></span>has </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y53 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">been <span class="_ _6"></span>used <span class="_ _5"></span>in <span class="_ _6"></span>WECS <span class="_ _6"></span>particularly <span class="_ _5"></span>for <span class="_ _6"></span>permanent <span class="_ _6"></span>magnet <span class="_ _5"></span>type <span class="_ _6"></span>wind <span class="_ _5"></span>generator </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y54 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[6]. <span class="_ _8"> </span>Conventional <span class="_ _b"> </span>method <span class="_ _8"> </span>to <span class="_ _b"> </span>increase <span class="_ _8"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>AC <span class="_ _8"> </span>voltage <span class="_ _8"> </span>was <span class="_ _b"> </span>to <span class="_ _8"> </span>use <span class="_"> </span>step-up </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y55 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">transformer<span class="_ _0"></span>. <span class="_ _3"></span>As <span class="_ _6"></span>a <span class="_ _6"></span>SMPS <span class="_ _6"></span>variation, <span class="_ _6"></span>it <span class="_ _6"></span>has <span class="_ _6"></span>advantage <span class="_ _6"></span>over <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>transformer <span class="_ _6"></span>for </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y56 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">higher <span class="_ _3"></span>conversion <span class="_ _6"></span>efciency <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _6"></span>up <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>95% <span class="_ _3"></span>compared <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>40% <span class="_ _6"></span>for <span class="_ _3"></span>transformer </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y57 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and <span class="_ _0"></span>wider <span class="_ _1"></span>variation <span class="_ _1"></span>of <span class="_ _1"></span>input <span class="_ _1"></span>for <span class="_ _1"></span>xed <span class="_ _1"></span>output <span class="_ _1"></span>[7]. <span class="_ _0"></span>This <span class="_ _1"></span>has <span class="_ _0"></span>made <span class="_ _1"></span>it <span class="_ _1"></span>more <span class="_ _1"></span>suitable </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y58 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">choice <span class="_ _6"></span>for <span class="_ _6"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>WECS <span class="_ _6"></span>that <span class="_ _6"></span>strive <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>achieve <span class="_ _6"></span>xed <span class="_ _6"></span>output <span class="_ _6"></span>voltage <span class="_ _6"></span>from <span class="_ _6"></span>variable </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y59 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">input voltage due to variable wind speed. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _a"> </span>Advances <span class="_ _8"> </span>in <span class="_"> </span>microcontroller <span class="_ _2"> </span>technology <span class="_"> </span>have <span class="_ _8"> </span>made <span class="_ _8"> </span>it <span class="_"> </span>possible <span class="_ _8"> </span>to </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">perform <span class="_ _1"></span>functions <span class="_ _1"></span>that <span class="_ _1"></span>were <span class="_ _1"></span>previously <span class="_ _1"></span>done <span class="_ _1"></span>by <span class="_ _1"></span>analog <span class="_ _1"></span>electronic <span class="_ _1"></span>components. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">W<span class="_ _1"></span>ith <span class="_ _c"> </span>multitasking <span class="_ _c"> </span>capability<span class="_ _0"></span>, <span class="_ _c"> </span>microcontrollers <span class="_"> </span>today <span class="_ _c"> </span>are <span class="_ _c"> </span>able <span class="_ _c"> </span>to <span class="_ _c"> </span>perform </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">functions <span class="_ _d"> </span>like <span class="_ _d"> </span>comparator<span class="_ _1"></span>, <span class="_ _d"> </span>analog <span class="_ _d"> </span>to <span class="_ _d"> </span>digital <span class="_ _d"> </span>conversion <span class="_ _d"> </span>(ADC), <span class="_ _d"> </span>setting </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y5f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">input/output <span class="_ _5"></span>(I/O), <span class="_ _7"></span>counters/timer<span class="_ _1"></span>, <span class="_ _5"></span>among <span class="_ _7"></span>others <span class="_ _5"></span>replacing <span class="_ _5"></span>dedicated <span class="_ _7"></span>analog </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y60 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">components <span class="_ _1"></span>for <span class="_ _1"></span>each <span class="_ _1"></span>specied <span class="_ _1"></span>tasks, <span class="_ _1"></span>greatly <span class="_ _1"></span>reducing <span class="_ _1"></span>number <span class="_ _4"></span>of <span class="_ _1"></span>component <span class="_ _1"></span>in </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y61 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">circuit <span class="_ _1"></span>and thus, <span class="_ _1"></span>lowering <span class="_ _1"></span>component production <span class="_ _1"></span>cost. <span class="_ _1"></span>Flexibility in <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>design </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y62 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">has <span class="_ _3"></span>also been <span class="_ _3"></span>introduced <span class="_ _3"></span>by <span class="_ _3"></span>using microcontroller <span class="_ _3"></span>through <span class="_ _3"></span>capability <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>ash </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y63 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">programming/reprogramming <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>tasks <span class="_ _3"></span>[8]. <span class="_ _3"></span>Microcontrollers <span class="_ _3"></span>has <span class="_ _3"></span>been <span class="_ _3"></span>used <span class="_ _3"></span>in </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y64 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">WECS particularly <span class="_ _1"></span>grid connected to <span class="_ _1"></span>perform various functions <span class="_ _4"></span>and task <span class="_ _1"></span>from </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y65 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">instrumentation for <span class="_ _1"></span>sensing voltage, current <span class="_ _1"></span>and frequency of <span class="_ _1"></span>power delivered </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y66 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to grid <span class="_ _1"></span>to optimizing output power <span class="_ _1"></span>to sensing adequate wind <span class="_ _1"></span>speed for turning </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y67 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ON/OFF the system [1,9]. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y68 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _a"> </span>Due <span class="_ _6"></span>to <span class="_ _6"></span>varying <span class="_ _6"></span>nature <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _6"></span>wind, <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _6"></span>designed <span class="_ _6"></span>system <span class="_ _6"></span>must <span class="_ _6"></span>be <span class="_ _6"></span>able <span class="_ _6"></span>to </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y69 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">operate <span class="_ _0"></span>under <span class="_ _1"></span>various <span class="_ _0"></span>wind <span class="_ _1"></span>speed <span class="_ _1"></span>condition <span class="_ _0"></span>while <span class="_ _1"></span>maintaining <span class="_ _1"></span>optimum <span class="_ _0"></span>power </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y6a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">supply<span class="_ _0"></span>, <span class="_ _5"></span>maintaining <span class="_ _7"></span>constant <span class="_ _5"></span>voltage <span class="_ _5"></span>and <span class="_ _7"></span>frequency<span class="_ _0"></span>. <span class="_ _5"></span>The <span class="_ _5"></span>inverter <span class="_ _5"></span>should <span class="_ _7"></span>be </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y6b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">able <span class="_ _3"></span>to work <span class="_ _3"></span>with <span class="_ _3"></span>500W<span class="_ _4"></span> W<span class="_ _1"></span>ind <span class="_ _3"></span>T<span class="_ _1"></span>urbine <span class="_ _3"></span>and supply <span class="_ _3"></span>240V single <span class="_ _3"></span>phase <span class="_ _1"></span>AC <span class="_ _3"></span>for </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y6c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">domestic <span class="_ _6"></span>use <span class="_ _5"></span>and <span class="_ _5"></span>also <span class="_ _6"></span>suitable <span class="_ _5"></span>to <span class="_ _5"></span>be <span class="_ _6"></span>transferred <span class="_ _5"></span>to <span class="_ _5"></span>grid. <span class="_ _6"></span>The <span class="_ _6"></span>measured <span class="_ _5"></span>total </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y6d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">harmonic distortion (THD) also must be less than 5%.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y6e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2 THEORETICAL<span class="_ _0"></span> CONSIDERA<span class="_ _0"></span>TION</div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y6f ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.1 <span class="_ _e"> </span>Wind Power<span class="_ _1"></span> Consideration</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y70 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _0"></span>otal rotational power captured by wind energy system is given by formula </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y71 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[6,9,10]: <span class="_ _f"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _10"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y72 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/bg4.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">58</div><div class="t m0 x1b h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Journal of Science and T<span class="_ _0"></span>echnology</div><div class="t m0 x1d h4 y73 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _11"> </span> (1) </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y74 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Where <span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff2">ρ</span> <span class="_ _6"></span>is <span class="_ _6"></span>Air <span class="_ _6"></span>density <span class="_ _5"></span>(kg.m</div><div class="t m0 x1e h5 y75 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-3</div><div class="t m0 x1f h4 y74 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">), <span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff2">ν</span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h5 y76 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">w<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x20 h4 y74 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is <span class="_ _6"></span>W<span class="_ _1"></span>ind <span class="_ _5"></span>speed <span class="_ _5"></span>(m/s), <span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff2">C</span></div><div class="t m0 x21 h9 y76 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p</div><div class="t m0 x22 h4 y74 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _5"></span>is <span class="_ _6"></span>Coefcient <span class="_ _5"></span>of </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y77 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">performance, and <span class="_ _0"></span>A<span class="_ _1"></span> is Rotor rotational area (m</div><div class="t m0 x23 h5 y78 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x24 h4 y77 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">).</div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y79 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _1"></span>ip <span class="_ _6"></span>Speed <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>wind <span class="_ _6"></span>Ratio <span class="_ _3"></span>(TSR), <span class="_ _6"></span>is <span class="_ _3"></span>important <span class="_ _3"></span>parameter <span class="_ _6"></span>that <span class="_ _3"></span>has <span class="_ _6"></span>relation <span class="_ _3"></span>with </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y7a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">coefcient <span class="_ _1"></span>of <span class="_ _1"></span>performance, <span class="_ _1"></span><span class="ff2">C</span></div><div class="t m0 x25 h9 y7b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p</div><div class="t m0 x8 h4 y7a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _1"></span>as <span class="_ _1"></span>indicated <span class="_ _1"></span>by <span class="_ _1"></span>graph <span class="_ _1"></span>in <span class="_ _4"></span>Figure <span class="_ _1"></span>1 <span class="_ _1"></span>[6,9,10] <span class="_ _1"></span>below:</div><div class="c x26 y7c w2 ha"><div class="t m1 x0 hb y7d ff1 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fc2 sc0"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x27 h4 y7e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x28 hc y7f ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Figure 1: <span class="ff1">Relationship of <span class="_ _1"></span>TSR and C</span></div><div class="t m0 x29 hd y80 ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">p</div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y81 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">TSR is calculated by formula below [6,9,10]:</div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y82 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y83 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _12"> </span> <span class="_ _13"></span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span>(2)</div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y84 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Where <span class="ff2">ν</span></div><div class="t m0 x2a h5 y85 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">w<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x17 h4 y84 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is W<span class="_ _0"></span>ind speed (m/s), <span class="ff2">ω</span> is T<span class="_ _1"></span>urbine rotational speed, (rad/sec), <span class="ff2">r</span> is </div><div class="t m0 x1c h4 y86 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">T<span class="_ _1"></span>urbine rotor radius (m).</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62661ecf4f8811599ea4a15e/bg5.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">59</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Journal of Science and T<span class="_ _0"></span>echnology</div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y87 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2 <span class="_ _e"> </span>Principle of Boost (Step-up)DC-DC Converter</div><div class="t m0 x2b hc y88 ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Figure 2:<span class="ff1"> Boost converter schematic</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y89 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Figure <span class="_ _6"></span>2 <span class="_ _6"></span>[7] <span class="_ _6"></span>above <span class="_ _3"></span>is <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _6"></span>basic <span class="_ _6"></span>schematic <span class="_ _6"></span>circuit <span class="_ _6"></span>of <span class="_ _6"></span>boost <span class="_ _6"></span>DC-DC <span class="_ _6"></span>converter<span class="_ _0"></span>. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y8a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The <span class="_ _3"></span>basic <span class="_ _3"></span>principle <span class="_ _6"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>step-up <span class="_ _3"></span>(boost) <span class="_ _6"></span>DC-DC <span class="_ _3"></span>converter <span class="_ _3"></span>is <span class="_ _3"></span>as <span class="_ _6"></span>follows. <span class="_ _3"></span>When </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y8b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">switch SW is closed for the time t</div><div class="t m0 x1a h5 y8c ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x2c h4 y8b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, inductor current rises and energy is stored </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y8d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">in <span class="_ _5"></span>inductor <span class="_ _5"></span>L. <span class="_ _5"></span>If <span class="_ _5"></span>switch <span class="_ _7"></span>is <span class="_ _5"></span>opened <span class="_ _5"></span>for <span class="_ _5"></span>time <span class="_ _5"></span>t</div><div class="t m0 x2d h5 y8e ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x2e h4 y8d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, <span class="_ _5"></span>energy <span class="_ _5"></span>stored <span class="_ _5"></span>in <span class="_ _5"></span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>inductor </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y8f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">is <span class="_ _5"></span>transferred <span class="_ _5"></span>to <span class="_ _5"></span>load <span class="_ _5"></span>through <span class="_ _5"></span>diode <span class="_ _5"></span>D</div><div class="t m0 x2f h5 y90 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x30 h4 y8f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _5"></span>and <span class="_ _5"></span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>inductor <span class="_ _5"></span>current <span class="_ _5"></span>falls. <span class="_ _5"></span>For <span class="_ _5"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y91 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">continuous <span class="_ _6"></span>current <span class="_ _3"></span>ow<span class="_ _0"></span>, <span class="_ _6"></span>waveform <span class="_ _6"></span>for <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>inductor <span class="_ _6"></span>current <span class="_ _6"></span>is <span class="_ _3"></span>as <span class="_ _6"></span>in <span class="_ _6"></span>gure. <span class="_ _6"></span>If </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y92 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">large <span class="_ _6"></span>capacitor <span class="_ _5"></span>C <span class="_ _6"></span>is <span class="_ _5"></span>connected <span class="_ _5"></span>across <span class="_ _6"></span>the <span class="_ _5"></span>load, <span class="_ _5"></span>output <span class="_ _6"></span>voltage <span class="_ _5"></span>is <span class="_ _5"></span>continuous </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y93 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and <span class="_ _7"> </span>becomes <span class="_ _7"> </span>average <span class="_ _2"> </span>value. <span class="_ _5"></span>V<span class="_ _9"></span>oltage <span class="_ _7"></span>across <span class="_ _7"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>load <span class="_ _5"></span>can <span class="_ _2"> </span>be <span class="_ _7"></span>stepped <span class="_ _7"> </span>up <span class="_ _7"> </span>by </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y94 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">varying duty cycle and the minimum output voltage is V</div><div class="t m0 x31 h5 y95 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">i</div><div class="t m0 x32 h4 y94 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> when k = 0 [6].</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y96 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The average output voltage is [7]</div><div class="t m0 x33 h4 y97 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _14"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> (3)</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y98 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">For a resistive load, ripple current is given by [7]</div><div class="t m0 x34 h4 y99 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _15"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> <span class="_ _a"> </span> 4)</div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y9a ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3 <span class="_ _e"> </span>Principle of Inverter Cir<span class="_ _1"></span>cuit</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y9b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Inverter <span class="_ _3"></span>circuit is <span class="_ _3"></span>used <span class="_ _3"></span>to convert <span class="_ _3"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>DC voltage <span class="_ _3"></span>to <span class="_ _3"></span>a sinusoidal AC voltage. A<span class="_ _0"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y9c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">single <span class="_ _6"></span>phase <span class="_ _6"></span>inverter <span class="_ _6"></span>may <span class="_ _6"></span>be <span class="_ _6"></span>consist <span class="_ _6"></span>of <span class="_ _6"></span>H-Bridge <span class="_ _6"></span>circuit <span class="_ _6"></span>as <span class="_ _3"></span>shown <span class="_ _6"></span>in <span class="_ _6"></span>Figure </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y9d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3 <span class="_"> </span>[2,7], <span class="_ _c"> </span>and <span class="_"> </span>also <span class="_"> </span>accompanying <span class="_"> </span>trigger <span class="_ _c"> </span>control <span class="_"> </span>signal <span class="_"> </span>generation <span class="_"> </span>circuit. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y9e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In <span class="_ _2"> </span>standard <span class="_ _7"> </span>H-Bridge <span class="_ _2"> </span>circuit <span class="_ _7"> </span>in <span class="_ _2"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>Figure <span class="_ _7"> </span>4 <span class="_ _2"> </span>switches <span class="_ _5"></span>A1, <span class="_ _5"></span>A2, <span class="_ _7"> </span>B1 <span class="_ _2"> </span>and <span class="_ _2"> </span>B2 </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y9f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">are <span class="_ _2"> </span>arranged <span class="_ _2"> </span>in <span class="_ _2"> </span>this <span class="_ _2"> </span>conguration. <span class="_ _2"> </span>Input <span class="_ _2"> </span>to <span class="_ _2"> </span>the <span class="_ _2"> </span>circuit <span class="_ _2"> </span>V</div><div class="t m0 x35 h5 ya0 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">CC</div><div class="t m0 x36 h4 y9f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>is <span class="_ _2"> </span>DC <span class="_ _2"> </span>voltage. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 ya1 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In <span class="_ _c"> </span>voltage <span class="_ _c"> </span>source <span class="_ _c"> </span>inverter <span class="_ _c"> </span>(VSI), <span class="_ _c"> </span>switches <span class="_ _c"> </span>are <span class="_"> </span>represented <span class="_ _c"> </span>by <span class="_ _c"> </span>MOSFET </div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 ya2 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">transistors and <span class="_ _1"></span>are voltage activated <span class="_ _1"></span>by trigger signal. <span class="_ _4"></span>Switches <span class="_ _0"></span>A1 and <span class="_ _0"></span>A2 <span class="_ _4"></span>are </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>