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<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b719b3d2fbb0007d6580f/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Procedia <span class="_ _0"> </span>Environmental <span class="_ _0"> </span>Sciences <span class="_ _0"> </span> 17 <span class="_ _0"> </span>( 2013 ) <span class="_ _0"> </span> 537 <span class="_ _0"> </span>– <span class="_ _0"> </span>546 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1878-0296 </div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Selection and peer-review under responsibility of SUSTAIN conference’s committee and supported by Kyoto University; (OPIR), </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y5 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">(GCOE-ES), (GCOE-HSE), (CSEAS), (RISH), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.</div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.069 </div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y7 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Available online at www<span class="_ _1"></span>.sciencedirect.com</div><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y8 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y9 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws2">The 3</div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 ya ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws1">rd</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y9 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws3"> International Conference on Sustai<span class="ls4 ws4">nable Future for Human Security </span></div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 yb ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws5">SUSTAIN 2012 </div><div class="t m0 xa h8 yc ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws6">Photovoltaic module modeling using simulink/matlab </div><div class="t m0 xb h9 yd ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws1">Krismadinata</div><div class="t m0 xc ha ye ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a</div><div class="t m0 xd h9 yd ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws7">*, Nasrudin Abd. Rahim</div><div class="t m0 xe ha ye ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a</div><div class="t m0 xf h9 yd ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws8"> Hew Wooi Ping</div><div class="t m0 x10 ha ye ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a</div><div class="t m0 x11 h9 yd ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 lsa ws9">, Jeyraj Selvaraj</div><div class="t m0 x12 ha ye ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a</div><div class="t m0 x13 h9 yd ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h5 yf ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">a</div><div class="t m0 x15 hb y10 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsb wsa">University of Malaya Power Energy Dedi<span class="wsb">cated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) <span class="lsc wsc"> <span class="lsd wsd"> <span class="lse"> <span class="lsf wse"> </span><span class="wsf"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x16 hb y11 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls10 ws10">Level 4 Wisma R&D University of Malaya<span class="ls11 ws11"> Kuala Lumpur 59990 Malaysia </span></div><div class="t m0 x17 hb y12 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 hc y13 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls12 ws1">Abstract </div><div class="t m0 xb hd y14 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws12">This paper describes a method of modeling<span class="_ _2"></span> and simu<span class="ls14 ws13">lation photovoltaic (PV) module that implemented in </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y15 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws14">Simulink/Matlab. It is necessary to <span class="ls12 ws15">define a circuit-based simulation mod<span class="ls14 ws16">el for a PV cell in order to allow the </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y16 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws17">interaction with a power converter.<span class="ff6 fs8 ls0 ws1"> <span class="_ _0"> </span></span><span class="ws18">Characteristics of PV cells that<span class="_ _3"></span> are af<span class="ls16 ws19">fected by irradiation <span class="ws1a">and temperature are </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y17 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws1b">modeled by a circuit model. A simplifie<span class="ws1c">d PV equivalent cir<span class="_ _2"></span>cuit w<span class="ls18 ws1d">ith a diode <span class="_ _3"></span>equivalent is employed as model. The </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y18 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1e">simulation results are compared with difference types of PV<span class="ws1f"> module datasheets. <span class="_ _3"></span> Its results indicated that the created </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y19 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls13 ws20">simulation blocks in Simulink/matlab are <span class="ws21">similar to actual PV modules, compatible to different types of PV module </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y1a ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws22">and user-friendly </div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y1b ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y1c ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws23"><span class="fc2 sc0">© 2012 The Aut</span><span class="fc2 sc0">hors. Published b</span><span class="fc2 sc0">y</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> Elsev</span><span class="fc2 sc0">i</span><span class="fc2 sc0">er</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> B.V. </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y1d ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws24"><span class="fc2 sc0">Selection and/or</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> peer</span><span class="fc2 sc0">-rev</span><span class="fc2 sc0">iew und</span><span class="fc2 sc0">er </span><span class="fc2 sc0">respons</span><span class="fc2 sc0">ibility</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> </span><span class="fc2 sc0">of </span><span class="ls13 ws25"><span class="fc2 sc0">SU</span><span class="fc2 sc0">STAIN conference</span><span class="fc2 sc0">s committee and </span><span class="fc2 sc0">support</span><span class="fc2 sc0">ed b</span><span class="fc2 sc0">y</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> K</span><span class="fc2 sc0">y</span><span class="fc2 sc0">oto</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hd y1e ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws26"><span class="fc2 sc0">University</span><span class="fc2 sc0">; (OPIR), (GCOE</span><span class="fc2 sc0">-</span><span class="fc2 sc0">ES), (GCOE-HS</span><span class="fc2 sc0">E), (</span><span class="fc2 sc0">C</span><span class="fc2 sc0">SE</span><span class="ls12 ws27"><span class="fc2 sc0">AS), (RISH), (G</span><span class="fc2 sc0">COE-ARS</span><span class="fc2 sc0">)</span><span class="fc2 sc0"> and (GSS) as co-hosts. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 he y1f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 y20 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1a ws1">Keywords<span class="ff4 ls1b">: modeling; PV module; PV characteristic; simulink/matlab<span class="_ _3"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h7 y21 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x5 hf y22 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">*<span class="ff3 fs4 lsc ws28">E-mail address<span class="ff4 ls10 ws29">: krismadinata@um.edu.my </span></span><span class="ff4"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5 hf y23 ff7 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y7 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Available online at <span class="fc1">www<span class="_ _1"></span>.sciencedirect.com</span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h3 y24 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</div><div class="t m0 x5 h3 y25 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Selection and peer-review under responsibility of SUSTAIN conference’s committee and supported by Kyoto University; </div><div class="t m0 x5 h3 y26 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">(OPIR), (GCOE-ES), (GCOE-HSE), (CSEAS), (RISH), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763889,0.000000,0.000000,1.763889,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b719b3d2fbb0007d6580f/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x19 h2 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">538<span class="ff8"> <span class="_ _4"> </span> <span class="_ _5"></span>Krismadinata et al. <span class="_ _5"></span> / <span class="_ _5"></span>Pr<span class="_ _2"></span>ocedia En<span class="_ _2"></span>vir<span class="_ _1"></span>onmental Sciences <span class="_ _5"></span> <span class="_ _5"></span>17 <span class="_ _5"></span> ( <span class="_ _5"></span>2013 <span class="_ _5"></span>) <span class="_ _5"></span>537 – 546 </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h10 y28 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1c ws1">1.<span class="ff9 ls0"> </span><span class="ls1d">Introduc<span class="_ _2"></span>tion </span></div><div class="t m0 xb he y29 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws2a">Due to reserve<span class="_ _2"></span> of fossil fuel dwin<span class="_ _2"></span>dling and the <span class="ls1f ws2b">global<span class="_ _2"></span> warming effect looming large, alternative </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws2c">energies become popular. The m<span class="_ _2"></span>ost attention of altern<span class="ls21 ws2d">ative e<span class="_ _2"></span>nergies is solar energy. There are tw<span class="_ _2"></span>o types </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws2e">of technology that employed sola<span class="_ _2"></span>r energy, namely sola<span class="ls22 ws2f">r therm<span class="_ _2"></span>al and solar cell. A PV cell (solar cel<span class="_ _2"></span>l) </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws30">converts the sunlight into the electrical energy by th<span class="ls1e ws31">e <span class="_ _2"></span>photovoltaic effect. Energy from PV m<span class="_ _2"></span>odules offers </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws32">several advantages, such as, require<span class="ls23 ws33">ment of little maintenance and no <span class="ws34">environmental pollution. Recently<span class="_ _2"></span>, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws35">PV arrays are used in many applications, such as, <span class="ls1e ws36">battery c<span class="_ _2"></span>hargers, solar powered wate<span class="_ _2"></span>r pumping systems, </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y2f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls25 ws37">grid connected PV system<span class="_ _2"></span>s, solar hybrid ve<span class="ls24 ws38">hicles and satellit<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ls0 ws1">e power system<span class="_ _2"></span>s. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb he y30 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws39">PV module represents the fundam<span class="_ _2"></span>en<span class="ls23 ws3a">tal power conversion unit of a PV<span class="ls25 ws3b"> generator system<span class="_ _2"></span>. The output </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y31 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws3c">characteristic of PV m<span class="_ _2"></span>odule depe<span class="_ _2"></span>nds on the solar in<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ls0 ws3d">sulation and t<span class="_ _2"></span>he cell temperature. <span class="_ _2"></span>Since PV module </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y32 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws3e">has nonlinear characteristics, it is <span class="_ _2"></span>necessary to mo<span class="ls26 ws3f">del it<span class="_ _2"></span> for the design and <span class="_ _2"></span>simulation <span class="_ _2"></span>of maximum<span class="_ _2"></span> power </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y33 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws1">point tracking (MPPT) for PV <span class="ls20 ws38">system<span class="_ _2"></span> applications [1]. </span></div><div class="t m0 xb he y34 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws40">A PV module <span class="_ _2"></span>typically consists of a num<span class="_ _2"></span>ber of PV <span class="ls25 ws41">cells in series. The conventional technique t<span class="_ _2"></span>o </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y35 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls27 ws42">model a PV ce<span class="_ _2"></span>ll is to study the p-n junction physic<span class="ls28 ws43">s [2]. A PV cell has a non<span class="ls0 ws44">-linear voltage-current (<span class="ff3 ls29 ws1">V-I<span class="ff4 ls2a">) </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y36 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws45">characteristic which can be m<span class="_ _2"></span>odele<span class="ls20 ws46">d using current s<span class="_ _2"></span>ources, diode(s) a<span class="ls2b ws47">nd resistors. Single-di<span class="_ _2"></span>ode and </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y37 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws48">double-diode models are widely used to<span class="_ _2"></span> simulate PV ch<span class="ws49">ara<span class="_ _2"></span>cteristics. The single-diode model emulates the </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y38 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws4a">PV characteristics fairly and accurately. The m<span class="_ _2"></span>anu<span class="ls26 ws4b">facturer provi<span class="_ _2"></span>des information about the electric<span class="_ _2"></span>al </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y39 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws4c">characteristics of PV by specif<span class="ws4d">ying ce<span class="_ _2"></span>rtain points in its <span class="ff3 ls2c ws1">V-I</span><span class="ls2d ws4e"> characteristics which are called remarkable </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y3a ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws4f">points [3]. </div><div class="t m0 xb he y3b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls2e ws50">In this paper, <span class="_ _2"></span>a simplified PV e<span class="_ _2"></span>quivalent circuit <span class="ls0">with a diode<span class="_ _2"></span> equivalent as model is pr<span class="_ _2"></span>oposed. The </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y3c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws51">main contribution of this<span class="_ _2"></span> work is the im<span class="_ _2"></span>plementatio<span class="ls0 ws52">n of a generalized PV<span class="_ _2"></span> model in the form of m<span class="_ _2"></span>asked </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y3d ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws53">block which has a user-friendly ic<span class="ls1e ws54">on and dialog in t<span class="_ _2"></span>he same way of Matlab/Sim<span class="_ _2"></span>ulink block libraries. </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a h10 y3e ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1c ws1">2.<span class="ff9 ls0"> </span><span class="ls23 ws55"> Mathematical model for a <span class="_ _2"></span>photovoltaic cell </span></div><div class="t m0 xb he y3f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws56">Fig. 1(a)-(b) are models of th<span class="_ _2"></span>e most commonly-used <span class="ls2f ws57">P<span class="_ _2"></span>V cell: a current source parallel <span class="_ _2"></span>with one or </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y40 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws58">two diodes. A single-diode m<span class="_ _2"></span>odel [4-6] has four co<span class="ls0 ws59">mponents: photo-current source, diode parallel to </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y41 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1f ws5a">source, series of resistor <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h11 y42 ffa fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">s</div><div class="t m0 x1 he y43 ffa fs9 fc0 sc0 ls30 ws1">, <span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ff4 ls2e ws5b">and shunt resistor </span><span class="ff3 ls0">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x1c h12 y42 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls31 ws1">sh</div><div class="t m0 x1d he y43 ffa fs9 fc0 sc0 ls30 ws1">. <span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ff4 ls0 ws5c">Fig.1(b) is a two-diode model: [7-9] the extra diode<span class="_ _2"></span> is </span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y44 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls20 ws5d">for better curve-fitting. </div><div class="c x1e y45 w2 h13"><div class="t m1 x1f h14 y46 ff3 fsa fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">L</div><div class="t m1 x20 h15 y47 ff3 fsb fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x21 y48 w3 h16"><div class="t m2 x22 h17 y49 ff3 fsc fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">D</div><div class="t m3 x20 h18 y4a ff3 fsd fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c xd y4b w4 h19"><div class="t m4 x23 h1a y4c ff3 fse fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">S</div><div class="t m5 x20 h1b y4d ff3 fsf fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">R</div></div><div class="c x24 y4e w5 h1c"><div class="t m6 x1f h1d y4f ff3 fs10 fc3 sc0 ls32 ws1">Sh</div><div class="t m6 x20 h1e y50 ff3 fs11 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">R</div></div><div class="c x25 y51 w6 h1f"><div class="t m7 x20 h20 y52 ff3 fs12 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x26 y53 w7 h21"><div class="t m8 x27 h22 y54 ff3 fs13 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">V</div></div><div class="c x28 y55 w2 h13"><div class="t m1 x1f h14 y56 ff3 fsa fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">L</div><div class="t m1 x20 h15 y57 ff3 fsb fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x29 y58 w8 h23"><div class="t m9 x23 h24 y59 ff4 fs14 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">1<span class="_ _6"></span><span class="ff3">D</span></div><div class="t m9 x20 h25 y5a ff3 fs15 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x2a y4b w4 h19"><div class="t m4 x23 h1a y4c ff3 fse fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">S</div><div class="t m5 x20 h1b y4d ff3 fsf fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">R</div></div><div class="c xe y4e w5 h1c"><div class="t m6 x1f h1d y4f ff3 fs10 fc3 sc0 ls32 ws1">Sh</div><div class="t m6 x20 h1e y50 ff3 fs11 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">R</div></div><div class="c x2b y51 w6 h1f"><div class="t m7 x20 h20 y52 ff3 fs12 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x2c y53 w7 h21"><div class="t m8 x27 h22 y54 ff3 fs13 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">V</div></div><div class="c x2d y5b w9 h26"><div class="t ma x2e h27 y5c ff4 fs16 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">2<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff3">D</span></div><div class="t mb x20 h28 y5d ff3 fs17 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="t m0 x2f he y5e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="c x30 y5f wa h29"><div class="t mc x2e h2a y60 ff3 fs18 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">L</div><div class="t mc x31 h2b y61 ff3 fs19 fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x32 y62 wb h2c"><div class="t md x33 h2d y63 ff3 fs1a fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">D</div><div class="t md x31 h2e y64 ff3 fs1b fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x34 y65 wc h2f"><div class="t me x35 h30 y66 ff3 fs1c fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">S</div><div class="t mf x31 h31 y67 ff3 fs1d fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">R</div></div><div class="c x36 y68 wd h32"><div class="t m10 x31 h33 y69 ff3 fs1e fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">I</div></div><div class="c x37 y6a we h34"><div class="t m11 x27 h35 y6b ff3 fs1f fc3 sc0 ls0 ws1">V</div></div><div class="t m0 x38 he y5e ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x39 h7 y6c ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsb ws5e">(a) <span class="_ _8"></span> (b) <span class="_ _7"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _a"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _a"></span> <span class="_ _b"></span>(c) </div><div class="t m0 x3a h7 y6d ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls1b ws5f">Fig. 1: PV-cell equivalent-circuit models: (a) single-diod<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ls33 ws60">e model, (b) two-diode model (c) Sim<span class="_ _2"></span>plified-PV-equivalent </span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h7 y6e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsb wsa">circuit </div><div class="t m0 x1a he y6f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws61">The shunt resistance <span class="ff3 ls0 ws1">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x3b h12 y70 ff3 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls31 ws1">sh</div><div class="t m0 x3c he y6f ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws62"> is large, so it usually can<span class="_ _2"></span><span class="ls20 ws63"> be neglected [8]. Fig. 1(a-<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ls2f ws64">four-parameter models </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1a he y71 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls1e ws65">can, thus, be sim<span class="_ _2"></span>plified into Fig. 1c, the simplified equivalent-circuit m<span class="_ _2"></span>odel of this study. </div><div class="t m0 x1a he y72 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1a he y73 ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls34 ws66">The output voltage <span class="ff3 ls1e ws1">V </span><span class="ls27 ws67">and the load current <span class="ff3 ls35 ws1">I </span><span class="ls36 ws36">relate as: </span></span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763889,0.000000,0.000000,1.763889,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
