VANET.rar_traffic_vanet_单片机开发_嵌入式/单片机/硬件编程下载-pudn.com

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b94d23d2fbb0007723cfc/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b94d23d2fbb0007723cfc/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ISSN (Print) : 2278-8948, Volume-2, Issue-6, 2013 </div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">47 </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="c x5 y6 w2 h4"><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y7 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x7 h5 y8 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">QualNet Simulation of VANET Scenario for TLE (Traffic Light </div><div class="t m0 x8 h5 y9 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Environment) Performance Evaluation </div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 ya ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 yb ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="c x5 yc w2 h6"><div class="t m0 x9 h7 yd ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 xa h8 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Manjunath P S & </div><div class="t m0 xb h7 yd ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2 </div><div class="t m0 xc h8 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Narayana Reddy </div><div class="t m0 xd h9 yf ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 xe ha y10 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Dept. of Telecommunications Engineering, BMS College of Engineering </div><div class="t m0 xf h9 y11 ff3 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y12 ff3 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S V University, Tirupathy, India </div><div class="t m0 x11 ha y13 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">E-mail : manjunathps.tce@bmsce.ac.in </div><div class="t m0 x6 ha y14 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="c x5 y15 w2 hc"><div class="t m0 x12 h2 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y17 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract - Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y18 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">attracting considerable attention from the research </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y19 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">community and the automotive industry to improve the </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y1a ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">services of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). As </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y1b ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">today’s transportation system faces serious challenges in </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y1c ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">terms of road safety, efficiency, and environmental </div><div class="t m0 x3 he y1d ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">friendliness, the idea of so called “ITS” has emerged. Due </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y1e ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to the expensive cost of deployment and complexity of </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y1f ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">implementing such a system in real world, research in </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y20 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">VANET relies on simulation. The Traffic Light </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y21 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Environment (TLE) on a small section of a road map is </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y22 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">simulated with the help of QUALNET in order to </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y23 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">understand the significance of VANET in our day-to-day </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y24 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">lives. Traffic data from a limited region of road Map is </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y25 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">collected to capture the realistic mobility. The realistic </div><div class="t m0 x3 he y26 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">mobility model used here considers the driver’s route </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y27 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">choice at the run time. It also studies the clustering effect </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y28 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">caused by traffic lights used at the intersection to regulate </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y29 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws0">traffic movement at different directions. Finally, the </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y2a ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">performance of the VANET is evaluated in terms of </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y2b ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">number of sent packets, average unicast throughput and </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y2c ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">unicast end to end delay as statistical measures for driver </div><div class="t m0 x3 hd y2d ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">route choice with the traffic light scenario. </div><div class="t m0 x3 hf y2e ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Keywords - ITS, Routing Protocols, TLE, VANET </div><div class="t m0 x13 ha y2f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I. INTRODUCTION </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y30 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The vehicle’s destination from the source and their </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y31 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">turning directions at the intersections, such as right turn, </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y32 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">left turn and straight as per their destination were also </div><div class="t m0 x3 h10 y33 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">set according to the driver’s route choice at intersection. </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y34 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The driver route choice behavior with traffic lights at the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y35 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">intersections has been simulated for a real world </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y36 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">scenario. In this, all possible routes from the source to </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y37 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">destination are defined and the driver needs to decide </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y38 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">about which route is to be taken from among all possible </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y39 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">routes at any intersection. The presence of traffic lights </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y3a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">at the intersection regulates the smooth movement of </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y3b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicles in different directions and causes clustering </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y3c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">effect by forcing the vehicles to stop at intersection </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y3d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">when the signal is red. Therefore, the node density at the </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y3e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">intersection increased which improves the network </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y3f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">connectivity among the peers at intersection, but the </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y40 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">improved connectivity deteriorates the packet delivery </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y41 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ratio. To maintain a practical mobility model is not the </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y42 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">only criteria. It is also imperative that the VANET </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y43 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">network chosen is of lowest overhead, minimum delays </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y44 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and thus maximum efficiency. Vehicular ad hoc </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y45 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">networks (VANETs) are a subgroup of mobile ad hoc </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y46 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">networks (MANETs) with the distinguishing property </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y47 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">that the nodes are vehicles like cars, trucks, buses and </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y48 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">motorcycles.[3] VANET systems should be capable of </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y49 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">routing vehicles through paths with least distance and </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">stoppage time due to traffic lights. This is done by </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">means of a traffic control signalling system that works </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">hand-in-hand with the VANET network [5].If two </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">service channels are combined to one 20MHz channel </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the transmission data rate can reach up to 54Mbps. The </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y4f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">maximum downlink and the uplink power should be less </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y50 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">than 33dBm [4]. </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y51 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y52 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the IEEE 802.11 standard to add wireless access in </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y53 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicular environments (WAVE) which includes data </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y54 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">exchange between high-speed vehicles and between the </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y55 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the licensed </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y56 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) [8]. </div><div class="t m0 x15 ha y57 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws0">II. REVIEW OF INTELLIGENT ROAD TRAFFIC </div><div class="t m0 x16 ha y58 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">SIGNALLING SYSTEM (IRTSS). </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y59 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The main aim of an IRTSS is to provide a safe and </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y5a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">conflict free movement of vehicles through different </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y5b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">roads, junctions and other traffic structures. An </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y5c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">intelligent road traffic system can react to change of </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y5d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">traffic flows, road layouts and other time based events </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y5e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">quicker than a conventional road traffic system. Current </div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.612252,0.000000,0.000000,1.612252,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b94d23d2fbb0007723cfc/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x17 h5 y5f ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> International Journal of Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJAEEE) </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y60 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ISSN (Print) : 2278-8948, Volume-2, Issue-6, 2013 </div><div class="t m0 x4 h2 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">48 </div><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y61 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">generation IRTSS control the traffic flows using the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y62 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">traffic lights by controlling its timing, sequences and </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y63 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cycle time. Most of the countries use the standard traffic </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y64 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">signalling cycle which consists of three different phases </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y65 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">which are green, amber and red. Some different </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y66 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">signalling phases may be implemented according to the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y67 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">design of the road and allowable traffic movements at </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y68 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">intersections. The control logic specifies the allocated </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y69 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">time for each phases. Detection and estimation of real </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">time road traffic is a significant challenge to develop an </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">adaptive traffic signal controller [6]. </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The proposed IRTSS algorithm is completely </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">different from the previous works that have been </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">developed employing the VANET architecture. </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y6f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Implementation of the IRTSS through a VANET opens </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y70 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">up wider opportunities in the area of intelligent road </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y71 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">traffic control system. An IRTSS could potentiality </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y72 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">optimize the fuel consumption and emission levels of </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y73 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicles by improving the traffic flows. A new traffic </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y74 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">estimation technique has been developed in accordance </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y75 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to the IEEE 802.11p architecture to implement an </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y76 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">adaptive signal control mechanism at the intersections. </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y77 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The model uses V2I communications mechanism of the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y78 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">VANET to detect individual vehicle arrival from </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y79 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">different lanes and to adaptively change the traffic </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">signalling phases at the intersection with respect to the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicles density. The optimized adaptive signalling </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">system, vehicular mobility model and communication </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">network model cooperate with each other within the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">same control platform of a co-simulation model based </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y7f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">on OPNET/QualNet. </div><div class="t m0 x18 h3 y80 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xf h3 y81 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Fig. 1 : Illustration of road network and communications </div><div class="t m0 x19 h3 y82 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">network for IRTSS. </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y83 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The basic packet transmission mechanism used in </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y84 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the IEEE 802.11 protocol is the distributed coordination </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y85 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">function (DCF). It adopts the carrier sense multiple </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y86 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">access collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) method to </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y87 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">support the random access scheme for the basic service </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y88 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">set (BSS) devices. The DCF can support the ad hoc </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y89 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">network without any infrastructure element such as the </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y8a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">access point. For applications such as intelligent road </div><div class="t m0 x3 ha y8b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">traffic signalling system (IRTSS) the VANET needs to </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y61 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">accommodate mobility of the vehicles. Usually the </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y62 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">speed of the vehicles in an urban road network can vary </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y63 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">from 40km/h to 80 km/h. The latency requirements of </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y64 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the IRTSS are moderate, particularly for the city traffic. </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y65 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">For the highest speed in a city for a packet transmission </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y66 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">delay of 1 sec the maximum distance a vehicle will </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y67 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">travel is only 22.22 meters. Hence, it is feasible for a </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y68 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">VANET based system to accurately obtain traffic </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y69 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">information using the on board unit (OBU) within a </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y6a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicle. In the next section detail performance </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y6b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">evaluation of the VANET is presented. One of the main </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y8c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">design issues of the IRTSS is to control the total channel </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y8d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">traffic so that QoS (Quality of Service) can be </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y8e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">maintained. The idea used in the system design is very </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y8f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">simple [4]. </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y70 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> A road infrastructure unit known as the RSU is </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y71 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">responsible for periodically broadcasting signalling and </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y72 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other road traffic information on the downlink of a </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y73 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">communication network. The car on board unit sends </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y74 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vehicle information such as car ID, type, </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y75 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">destination/route, etc. via the uplink to the RSU. The </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y76 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">OBU supplies information packet via the IEEE802.11p </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y77 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">link on the uplink. The RSU supplies the information to </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y78 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the traffic analysis server that controls the traffic signal </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y79 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">parameters. For a wide area networked based traffic </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y7a ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">control system the RSUs are connected by a backbone </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y7b ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">network where RSUs can exchange traffic information. </div><div class="t m0 x1a ha y90 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1b h3 y91 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Fig. 2 : Working of the IRTSS. </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y92 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The proposed IRTSS contains two phase signaling </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y93 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">system. Each phase (P1 & P2) contains green, amber </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y94 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and red phases. The RSU detects the number of vehicles </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y95 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">coming from the east and west direction (EB & WB) </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y96 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and selects the critical lane volume, which is denoted as </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y97 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Z. Similarly, the critical lane volume for the south and </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y98 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">north (SB & NB) bound is measured, which is denoted </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y99 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">as Z2. Amber light duration is calculated by </div><div class="c x1c y9a w3 h11"><div class="t m2 x8 h12 y9b ff1 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="t m0 x1d ha y9c ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y9d ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Where y is the amber duration, t is the clearance time </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y9e ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(s), d represents the safe deceleration value (m/s2), v is </div><div class="t m0 x14 ha y9f ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the speed of the vehicle (m/s), g is the gravitational </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.612252,0.000000,0.000000,1.612252,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>