sim.rar_SIMULINK_photovoltaic_matlab例程_数值算法/人工智能下载-pudn.com

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<div id="pf2" class="pf w4 ha" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w4 ha"><img class="bi x0 y0 w5 hb" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b80973d2fbb000782d706/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x9 hc y18 ff4 fs4 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws1"> Procedia <span class="_ _1"> </span>Environmental <span class="_ _1"> </span>Sciences <span class="_ _1"> </span> 17 <span class="_ _1"> </span>( 2013 ) <span class="_ _1"> </span> 537 <span class="_ _1"> </span>– <span class="_ _1"> </span>546 </div><div class="t m0 xa hc y19 ff4 fs4 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">1878-0296 </div><div class="t m0 xb hd y1a ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</div><div class="t m0 xa hd y1b ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">Selection and peer-review under responsibility of SUSTAIN conference’s committee and supported by Kyoto University; (OPIR), </div><div class="t m0 xa hd y1c ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">(GCOE-ES), (GCOE-HSE), (CSEAS), (RISH), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.</div><div class="t m0 xa hc y1d ff4 fs4 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws1">doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.069 </div><div class="t m0 xc he y1e ff5 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">Available online at www<span class="_ _2"></span>.sciencedirect.com</div><div class="t m0 xd hf y1f ff6 fs6 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h10 y20 ff7 fs5 fc5 sc0 ls2 ws2">The 3</div><div class="t m0 xf h11 y21 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls3 ws0">rd</div><div class="t m0 x10 h10 y20 ff7 fs5 fc5 sc0 ls2 ws3"> International Conference on Sustai<span class="ls4 ws4">nable Future for Human Security </span></div><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y22 ff7 fs5 fc5 sc0 ls5 ws5">SUSTAIN 2012 </div><div class="t m0 x12 h12 y23 ff7 fs8 fc5 sc0 ls6 ws6">Photovoltaic module modeling using simulink/matlab </div><div class="t m0 x13 h13 y24 ff7 fs9 fc5 sc0 ls7 ws0">Krismadinata</div><div class="t m0 x14 h14 y25 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x15 h13 y24 ff7 fs9 fc5 sc0 ls8 ws7">*, Nasrudin Abd. Rahim</div><div class="t m0 x16 h14 y25 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x17 h13 y24 ff7 fs9 fc5 sc0 ls9 ws8"> Hew Wooi Ping</div><div class="t m0 x18 h14 y25 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x19 h13 y24 ff7 fs9 fc5 sc0 lsa ws9">, Jeyraj Selvaraj</div><div class="t m0 x1a h14 y25 ff7 fsa fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x1b h13 y24 ff7 fs9 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1c hf y26 ff6 fs6 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">a</div><div class="t m0 x1d h15 y27 ff6 fs7 fc5 sc0 lsb wsa">University of Malaya Power Energy Dedi<span class="wsb">cated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) <span class="lsc wsc"> <span class="lsd wsd"> <span class="lse"> <span class="lsf wse"> </span><span class="wsf"> </span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1e h15 y28 ff6 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls10 ws10">Level 4 Wisma R&D University of Malaya<span class="ls11 ws11"> Kuala Lumpur 59990 Malaysia </span></div><div class="t m0 x1f h15 y29 ff6 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h16 y2a ff8 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls12 ws0">Abstract </div><div class="t m0 x13 h17 y2b ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls13 ws12">This paper describes a method of modeling<span class="_ _3"></span> and simu<span class="ls14 ws13">lation photovoltaic (PV) module that implemented in </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y2c ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls15 ws14">Simulink/Matlab. It is necessary to <span class="ls12 ws15">define a circuit-based simulation mod<span class="ls14 ws16">el for a PV cell in order to allow the </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y2d ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls13 ws17">interaction with a power converter.<span class="ff9 fsb ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _1"> </span></span><span class="ws18">Characteristics of PV cells that<span class="_ _0"></span> are af<span class="ls16 ws19">fected by irradiation <span class="ws1a">and temperature are </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y2e ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls17 ws1b">modeled by a circuit model. A simplifie<span class="ws1c">d PV equivalent cir<span class="_ _3"></span>cuit w<span class="ls18 ws1d">ith a diode <span class="_ _0"></span>equivalent is employed as model. The </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y2f ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws1e">simulation results are compared with difference types of PV<span class="ws1f"> module datasheets. <span class="_ _0"></span> Its results indicated that the created </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y30 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls13 ws20">simulation blocks in Simulink/matlab are <span class="ws21">similar to actual PV modules, compatible to different types of PV module </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y31 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls15 ws22">and user-friendly </div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y32 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y33 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls14 ws23"><span class="fc7 sc0">© 2012 The Aut</span><span class="fc7 sc0">hors. Published b</span><span class="fc7 sc0">y</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> Elsev</span><span class="fc7 sc0">i</span><span class="fc7 sc0">er</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> B.V. </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y34 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls16 ws24"><span class="fc7 sc0">Selection and/or</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> peer</span><span class="fc7 sc0">-rev</span><span class="fc7 sc0">iew und</span><span class="fc7 sc0">er </span><span class="fc7 sc0">respons</span><span class="fc7 sc0">ibility</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> </span><span class="fc7 sc0">of </span><span class="ls13 ws25"><span class="fc7 sc0">SU</span><span class="fc7 sc0">STAIN conference</span><span class="fc7 sc0">s committee and </span><span class="fc7 sc0">support</span><span class="fc7 sc0">ed b</span><span class="fc7 sc0">y</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> K</span><span class="fc7 sc0">y</span><span class="fc7 sc0">oto</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h17 y35 ff7 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls19 ws26"><span class="fc7 sc0">University</span><span class="fc7 sc0">; (OPIR), (GCOE</span><span class="fc7 sc0">-</span><span class="fc7 sc0">ES), (GCOE-HS</span><span class="fc7 sc0">E), (</span><span class="fc7 sc0">C</span><span class="fc7 sc0">SE</span><span class="ls12 ws27"><span class="fc7 sc0">AS), (RISH), (G</span><span class="fc7 sc0">COE-ARS</span><span class="fc7 sc0">)</span><span class="fc7 sc0"> and (GSS) as co-hosts. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd h18 y36 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h11 y37 ff6 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls1a ws0">Keywords<span class="ff7 ls1b">: modeling; PV module; PV characteristic; simulink/matlab<span class="_ _0"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x20 h11 y38 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xd h19 y39 ffa fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">*<span class="ff6 fs7 lsc ws28">E-mail address<span class="ff7 ls10 ws29">: krismadinata@um.edu.my </span></span><span class="ff7"> </span></div><div class="t m0 xd h19 y3a ffa fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xc he y1e ff5 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">Available online at <span class="fc6">www<span class="_ _2"></span>.sciencedirect.com</span></div><div class="t m0 xd hd y3b ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</div><div class="t m0 xd hd y3c ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">Selection and peer-review under responsibility of SUSTAIN conference’s committee and supported by Kyoto University; </div><div class="t m0 xd hd y3d ff4 fs0 fc5 sc0 ls1 ws0">(OPIR), (GCOE-ES), (GCOE-HSE), (CSEAS), (RISH), (GCOE-ARS) and (GSS) as co-hosts.</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w4 ha" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w4 ha"><img class="bi x0 y0 w5 hb" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/622b80973d2fbb000782d706/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m0 x21 hc y3e ff4 fs4 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">538<span class="ffb"> <span class="_ _4"> </span> <span class="_ _5"></span>Krismadinata et al. <span class="_ _5"></span> / <span class="_ _5"></span>Pr<span class="_ _3"></span>ocedia En<span class="_ _3"></span>vir<span class="_ _2"></span>onmental Sciences <span class="_ _5"></span> <span class="_ _5"></span>17 <span class="_ _5"></span> ( <span class="_ _5"></span>2013 <span class="_ _5"></span>) <span class="_ _5"></span>537 – 546 </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h1a y3f ff8 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1c ws0">1.<span class="ffc ls0"> </span><span class="ls1d">Introduc<span class="_ _3"></span>tion </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y40 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1e ws2a">Due to reserve<span class="_ _3"></span> of fossil fuel dwin<span class="_ _3"></span>dling and the <span class="ls1f ws2b">global<span class="_ _3"></span> warming effect looming large, alternative </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y41 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls20 ws2c">energies become popular. The m<span class="_ _3"></span>ost attention of altern<span class="ls21 ws2d">ative e<span class="_ _3"></span>nergies is solar energy. There are tw<span class="_ _3"></span>o types </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y42 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1e ws2e">of technology that employed sola<span class="_ _3"></span>r energy, namely sola<span class="ls22 ws2f">r therm<span class="_ _3"></span>al and solar cell. A PV cell (solar cel<span class="_ _3"></span>l) </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y43 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls20 ws30">converts the sunlight into the electrical energy by th<span class="ls1e ws31">e <span class="_ _3"></span>photovoltaic effect. Energy from PV m<span class="_ _3"></span>odules offers </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y44 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls20 ws32">several advantages, such as, require<span class="ls23 ws33">ment of little maintenance and no <span class="ws34">environmental pollution. Recently<span class="_ _3"></span>, </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y45 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls24 ws35">PV arrays are used in many applications, such as, <span class="ls1e ws36">battery c<span class="_ _3"></span>hargers, solar powered wate<span class="_ _3"></span>r pumping systems, </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y46 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls25 ws37">grid connected PV system<span class="_ _3"></span>s, solar hybrid ve<span class="ls24 ws38">hicles and satellit<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ls0 ws0">e power system<span class="_ _3"></span>s. </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y47 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls24 ws39">PV module represents the fundam<span class="_ _3"></span>en<span class="ls23 ws3a">tal power conversion unit of a PV<span class="ls25 ws3b"> generator system<span class="_ _3"></span>. The output </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y48 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1f ws3c">characteristic of PV m<span class="_ _3"></span>odule depe<span class="_ _3"></span>nds on the solar in<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ls0 ws3d">sulation and t<span class="_ _3"></span>he cell temperature. <span class="_ _3"></span>Since PV module </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y49 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls23 ws3e">has nonlinear characteristics, it is <span class="_ _3"></span>necessary to mo<span class="ls26 ws3f">del it<span class="_ _3"></span> for the design and <span class="_ _3"></span>simulation <span class="_ _3"></span>of maximum<span class="_ _3"></span> power </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y4a ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls24 ws0">point tracking (MPPT) for PV <span class="ls20 ws38">system<span class="_ _3"></span> applications [1]. </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y4b ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1f ws40">A PV module <span class="_ _3"></span>typically consists of a num<span class="_ _3"></span>ber of PV <span class="ls25 ws41">cells in series. The conventional technique t<span class="_ _3"></span>o </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y4c ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls27 ws42">model a PV ce<span class="_ _3"></span>ll is to study the p-n junction physic<span class="ls28 ws43">s [2]. A PV cell has a non<span class="ls0 ws44">-linear voltage-current (<span class="ff6 ls29 ws0">V-I<span class="ff7 ls2a">) </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y4d ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1e ws45">characteristic which can be m<span class="_ _3"></span>odele<span class="ls20 ws46">d using current s<span class="_ _3"></span>ources, diode(s) a<span class="ls2b ws47">nd resistors. Single-di<span class="_ _3"></span>ode and </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y4e ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls20 ws48">double-diode models are widely used to<span class="_ _3"></span> simulate PV ch<span class="ws49">ara<span class="_ _3"></span>cteristics. The single-diode model emulates the </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y4f ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls24 ws4a">PV characteristics fairly and accurately. The m<span class="_ _3"></span>anu<span class="ls26 ws4b">facturer provi<span class="_ _3"></span>des information about the electric<span class="_ _3"></span>al </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y50 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1e ws4c">characteristics of PV by specif<span class="ws4d">ying ce<span class="_ _3"></span>rtain points in its <span class="ff6 ls2c ws0">V-I</span><span class="ls2d ws4e"> characteristics which are called remarkable </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y51 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls26 ws4f">points [3]. </div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y52 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls2e ws50">In this paper, <span class="_ _3"></span>a simplified PV e<span class="_ _3"></span>quivalent circuit <span class="ls0">with a diode<span class="_ _3"></span> equivalent as model is pr<span class="_ _3"></span>oposed. The </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y53 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls24 ws51">main contribution of this<span class="_ _3"></span> work is the im<span class="_ _3"></span>plementatio<span class="ls0 ws52">n of a generalized PV<span class="_ _3"></span> model in the form of m<span class="_ _3"></span>asked </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y54 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws53">block which has a user-friendly ic<span class="ls1e ws54">on and dialog in t<span class="_ _3"></span>he same way of Matlab/Sim<span class="_ _3"></span>ulink block libraries. </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h1a y55 ff8 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1c ws0">2.<span class="ffc ls0"> </span><span class="ls23 ws55"> Mathematical model for a <span class="_ _3"></span>photovoltaic cell </span></div><div class="t m0 x13 h18 y56 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws56">Fig. 1(a)-(b) are models of th<span class="_ _3"></span>e most commonly-used <span class="ls2f ws57">P<span class="_ _3"></span>V cell: a current source parallel <span class="_ _3"></span>with one or </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y57 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls23 ws58">two diodes. A single-diode m<span class="_ _3"></span>odel [4-6] has four co<span class="ls0 ws59">mponents: photo-current source, diode parallel to </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y58 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1f ws5a">source, series of resistor <span class="ff6 ls0 ws0">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h1b y59 ffd fsb fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">s</div><div class="t m0 x9 h18 y5a ffd fsc fc5 sc0 ls30 ws0">, <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff7 ls2e ws5b">and shunt resistor </span><span class="ff6 ls0">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x24 h1c y59 ff6 fsb fc5 sc0 ls31 ws0">sh</div><div class="t m0 x25 h18 y5a ffd fsc fc5 sc0 ls30 ws0">. <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff7 ls0 ws5c">Fig.1(b) is a two-diode model: [7-9] the extra diode<span class="_ _3"></span> is </span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y5b ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls20 ws5d">for better curve-fitting. </div><div class="c x26 y5c w6 h1d"><div class="t m2 x27 h1e y5d ff6 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">L</div><div class="t m2 x28 h1f y5e ff6 fse fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x29 y5f w7 h20"><div class="t m3 x2a h21 y60 ff6 fsf fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">D</div><div class="t m4 x28 h22 y61 ff6 fs10 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x15 y62 w8 h23"><div class="t m5 x2b h24 y63 ff6 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m6 x28 h25 y64 ff6 fs12 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div></div><div class="c x2c y65 w9 h26"><div class="t m7 x27 h27 y66 ff6 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws0">Sh</div><div class="t m7 x28 h28 y67 ff6 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div></div><div class="c x2d y68 wa h29"><div class="t m8 x28 h2a y69 ff6 fs15 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x2e y6a wb h2b"><div class="t m9 x0 h2c y6b ff6 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V</div></div><div class="c x2f y6c w6 h1d"><div class="t m2 x27 h1e y6d ff6 fsd fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">L</div><div class="t m2 x28 h1f y6e ff6 fse fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x30 y6f wc h2d"><div class="t ma x2b h2e y70 ff7 fs17 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="_ _6"></span><span class="ff6">D</span></div><div class="t ma x28 h2f y71 ff6 fs18 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x31 y62 w8 h23"><div class="t m5 x2b h24 y63 ff6 fs11 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m6 x28 h25 y64 ff6 fs12 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div></div><div class="c x16 y65 w9 h26"><div class="t m7 x27 h27 y66 ff6 fs13 fc0 sc0 ls32 ws0">Sh</div><div class="t m7 x28 h28 y67 ff6 fs14 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div></div><div class="c x32 y68 wa h29"><div class="t m8 x28 h2a y69 ff6 fs15 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x33 y6a wb h2b"><div class="t m9 x0 h2c y6b ff6 fs16 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V</div></div><div class="c x34 y72 wd h30"><div class="t mb x35 h31 y73 ff7 fs19 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff6">D</span></div><div class="t mc x28 h32 y74 ff6 fs1a fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="t m0 x36 h18 y75 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="c x37 y76 we h33"><div class="t md x35 h34 y77 ff6 fs1b fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">L</div><div class="t md x38 h35 y78 ff6 fs1c fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x39 y79 wf h36"><div class="t me x3a h37 y7a ff6 fs1d fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">D</div><div class="t me x28 h38 y7b ff6 fs1e fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x3b y7c w10 h39"><div class="t mf x3c h3a y7d ff6 fs1f fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m10 x38 h3b y7e ff6 fs20 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div></div><div class="c x3d y7f w11 h3c"><div class="t m11 x38 h3d y80 ff6 fs21 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div><div class="c x3e y81 w12 h3e"><div class="t m12 x3f h3f y82 ff6 fs22 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">V</div></div><div class="t m0 x40 h18 y75 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x41 h11 y83 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 lsb ws5e">(a) <span class="_ _8"></span> (b) <span class="_ _7"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _a"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> <span class="_ _a"></span> <span class="_ _b"></span>(c) </div><div class="t m0 x42 h11 y84 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 ls1b ws5f">Fig. 1: PV-cell equivalent-circuit models: (a) single-diod<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ls33 ws60">e model, (b) two-diode model (c) Sim<span class="_ _3"></span>plified-PV-equivalent </span></div><div class="t m0 x42 h11 y85 ff7 fs7 fc5 sc0 lsb wsa">circuit </div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y86 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls23 ws61">The shunt resistance <span class="ff6 ls0 ws0">R</span></div><div class="t m0 x43 h1c y87 ff6 fsb fc5 sc0 ls31 ws0">sh</div><div class="t m0 x44 h18 y86 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls23 ws62"> is large, so it usually can<span class="_ _3"></span><span class="ls20 ws63"> be neglected [8]. Fig. 1(a-<span class="_ _c"> </span><span class="ls2f ws64">four-parameter models </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y88 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls1e ws65">can, thus, be sim<span class="_ _3"></span>plified into Fig. 1c, the simplified equivalent-circuit m<span class="_ _3"></span>odel of this study. </div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y89 ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x22 h18 y8a ff7 fsc fc5 sc0 ls34 ws66">The output voltage <span class="ff6 ls1e ws0">V </span><span class="ls27 ws67">and the load current <span class="ff6 ls35 ws0">I </span><span class="ls36 ws36">relate as: </span></span></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>