Droop control.zip_dc droop control_microgrid droop

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6253c0e174bc5c01050c8668/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6253c0e174bc5c01050c8668/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w0 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y5 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Aalborg Universitet</div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y6 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled DC and AC Microgrids - A General Approach</div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y7 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Towards Standardization</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y8 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Guerrero, Josep M.; Vásquez, Juan V.; Teodorescu, Remus</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y9 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Published in:</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 ya ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yb ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Publication date:</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 yc ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2009</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yd ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Document Version</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 ye ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 yf ff3 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Link to publication from Aalborg University</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y10 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Citation for published version (APA):</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y11 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Guerrero, J. M., Vásquez, J. V., & Teodorescu, R. (2009). Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled DC and AC</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y12 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Microgrids - A General Approach Towards Standardization. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the</div><div class="t m0 x4 h7 y13 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 4341-4346). IEEE.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h8 y14 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">General rights</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y15 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y16 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y17 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y18 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y19 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ?</div><div class="t m0 x4 h8 y1a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Take down policy</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y1b ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at vbn@aub.aau.dk providing details, and we will remove access to</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y1c ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the work immediately and investigate your claim.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h9 y1d ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: oktober 07, 2017</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w2 ha" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w2 ha"><img class="bi x0 y0 w3 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6253c0e174bc5c01050c8668/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1e w0 ha"><div class="t m2 x4 hb y1f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Hierarchical Control of Droop-Controlled DC and </div><div class="t m2 x5 hb y20 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">AC Microgrids – A General Approach Towards </div><div class="t m2 x6 hb y21 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Standardization </div><div class="t m3 x3 hc y22 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x7 hc y23 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Josep M. Guerrero</div><div class="t m4 x8 hd y24 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m3 x9 hc y23 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, Juan C. Vásquez</div><div class="t m4 xa hd y24 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m3 xb hc y23 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">, and Remus Teodorescu</div><div class="t m4 xc hd y24 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m3 xd hc y23 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 xe hc y25 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1. Technical University of Catalonia, Spain. </div><div class="t m3 xf hc y26 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2. Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark </div><div class="t m3 x10 hc y27 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Email: josep.m.guerrero@upc.edu </div><div class="t m5 x3 he y28 ff6 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m6 x4 hf y29 ff7 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract – DC and AC Microgrids are key elements to </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">integrate renewable and distributed energy resources as well as </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2b ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">distributed energy storage systems. In the last years, efforts </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">toward the standardization of these Microgrids have been made. </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2d ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In this sense, this paper present the hierarchical control derived </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2e ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">from ISA-95 and electrical dispatching standards to endow </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y2f ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">smartness and flexibility to microgrids. The hierarchical control </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y30 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">proposed consist of three levels: i) the primary control is based </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y31 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">on the droop method, including an output impedance virtual </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y32 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">loop; ii) the secondary control allows restoring the deviations </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y33 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">produced by the primary control; and iii) the tertiary control </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y34 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">manage the power flow between the microgrid and the external </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y35 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">electrical distribution system. Results from a hierarchical-</div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y36 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">controlled microgrid are provided to show the feasibility of the </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y37 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">proposed approach. </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y38 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y39 ff7 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Keywords: Distributed Generation (DG), Distributed Power </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y3a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Systems (DPS), Droop method, Hierarchical control, ISA-95, </div><div class="t m6 x11 hf y3b ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Microgrid, Parallel operation. </div><div class="t m6 x4 hf y3c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x12 h10 y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I. I</div><div class="t m7 x13 h11 y3d ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">NTRODUCTION</div><div class="t m3 x14 hc y3d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x15 hc y3e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Microgrids (MG), also named minigrids, are becoming an </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y3f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">important concept to integrate distributed generation (DG) </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y40 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and energy storage systems. The concept has been developed </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y41 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to cope with the penetration of renewable energy systems, </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y42 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">which can be realistic if the final user is able to generate, </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y43 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">storage, control, and manage part of the energy that will </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y44 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">consume. This change of paradigm, allows the final user be </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y45 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">not only a consumer but also a part of the grid. </div><div class="t m3 x15 hc y46 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">DC and AC microgrids have been proposed for different </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y47 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">applications, and hybrid solutions have been developed [1]-</div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y48 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[12]. Islanded microgrids have been used in applications like </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y49 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">avionic, automotive, marine, or rural areas. The interfaces </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">between the prime movers and the microgrids are often based </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">on power electronics converters acting as voltage sources </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(voltage source inverters, VSI, in case of AC microgrids). </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">These power electronics converters are parallel connected </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">through the microgrid. In order to avoid circulating currents </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y4f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">among the converters without use any critical communication </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y50 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">between them, the droop control method is often applied. </div><div class="t m3 x15 hc y51 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In case of paralleling DC power converters, the droop </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y52 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">method consist of subtracting a proportional part of the </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y53 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">output current to the output voltage reference of each module. </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y54 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Thus, a virtual output resistance can be implemented through </div><div class="t m3 x11 hc y55 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">this control loop. This loop, also called adaptive voltage </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y56 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">position (AVP) has been applied to improve the transient </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y57 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">response of voltage regulation modules (VRMs) in low-</div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y58 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">voltage high-current applications. However, the droop </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y59 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">method has an inherent trade-off between the voltage </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y5a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">regulation and the current sharing between the converters [8]-</div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y5b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">[13]. </div><div class="t m3 x17 hc y5c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">On the other hand, in case of paralleling inverters, the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y5d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">droop method consist of subtracting proportional parts of the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y5e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">output average active and reactive powers to the frequency </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y5f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and amplitude of each module to emulate virtual inertias. </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y60 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">These control loops, also called P–</div><div class="t m8 x18 h12 y60 ffa fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ω</div><div class="t m3 x19 hc y60 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> and Q–E droops, have </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y61 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">been applied to connect inverters in parallel in uninterruptible </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y62 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">power systems (UPS). However, this method also has an </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y63 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">inherent trade-off but between frequency and amplitude </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y64 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">regulation in front of active and reactive power sharing </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y65 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">accuracy [14]-[19]. </div><div class="t m3 x17 hc y66 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">To cope with this problem, an external control loop named </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y67 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">secondary control has been proposed to restore the nominal </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y68 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">values of voltage inside the microgrid. Further, additional </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y69 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">tertiary control can be used to bidirectionaly control the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y6a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">power flowing when the microgrid is connected to a stiff </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y6b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">power source or the mains (in case of AC microgrids) [14]. </div><div class="t m3 x17 hc y6c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In this paper, we propose a general hierarchical multilevel </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y6d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">control for DC and AC microgrids. The paper is organized as </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y6e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">follows. In Section II, a general approach of the hierarchical </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y6f ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">control stem from the ISA-95 is adapted to microgrids. In </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y70 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Section III, the hierarchical control is applied to DC </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y71 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">microgrids, solving the trade-off of the droop method by </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y72 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">implementing a secondary control loop, and able to share the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y73 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">load together with a stiff dc source, which can be either a DC </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y74 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">generator or a DC distribution grid. In Section IV the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y75 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">approach is applied over an AC microgrid consisted of </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y76 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">droop-controlled inverters, able to operate in grid-connected </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y77 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and islanded modes. Finally, Section V gives the conclusions. </div><div class="t m3 x1a h10 y78 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">II. A</div><div class="t m7 x1b h11 y78 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x1c hc y78 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">G</div><div class="t m7 x1d h11 y78 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ENERAL </div><div class="t m3 x1e hc y78 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A</div><div class="t m7 x1f h11 y78 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PPROACH OF THE </div><div class="t m3 x20 hc y78 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">H</div><div class="t m7 x21 h11 y78 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">IERARCHICAL </div><div class="t m3 x1e hc y79 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">C</div><div class="t m7 x22 h11 y79 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ONTROL OF </div><div class="t m3 x19 hc y79 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">M</div><div class="t m7 x23 h11 y79 ff5 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ICROGRIDS</div><div class="t m3 x24 hc y79 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x17 hc y7a ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The need for standards in microgrid control is related to the </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y7b ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">new grid codes that are expected to appear in the next future. </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y7c ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">In this sense, the ISO-95 standard deals with the integration </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y7d ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">enterprise and control systems. In this standard a multilevel </div><div class="t m3 x16 hc y7e ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">hierarchical control is proposed, with the following levels: </div></div><div class="t m0 x25 h13 y7f ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">© IEEE 2009 4341 Preprint of IECON 2009 Proceedings</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>