基于单片机得PID控制器.zip_pid_PID控制_嵌入式/单片机/硬件编程下载-pudn.com

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">基于单片机的PID控制器设计</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">摘 要</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y4 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">工业控制器作为过程控制系统的核心，在现代工业过程控制中起着至关重要</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y5 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的作用。PID控制是迄今为止最为通用的控制方法，是经典控制理论在实际控制系</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y6 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">统中的典型应用。作为最早发展起来的控制策略之一，PID控制算法简单、鲁棒性</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y7 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">好、可靠性高……已经被广泛应用于工业过程控制。</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y8 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">本文叙述了现在几种成熟的PID控制算法，对PID控制器的设计进行了研究，</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y9 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">包括对控制器的硬件选型和软件设计，对合适的硬件给予详细的介绍，对程序的运</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 ya ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">行给出详细的程序流程图。</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 yb ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器的核心选用了ATMEL公司的AT89C51单片机，通过合适的外接硬</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 yc ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">件来完成模拟数据量的采集处理，数据的模数数模转换，液晶显示，按键输入等功</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 yd ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">能。</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 ye ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">关键字：单片机，PID算法，控制器</div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yf ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">I</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763705,0.000000,0.000000,1.763705,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The design of SCM PID controller</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y10 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y11 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Industrial controller as the core of process control system in modern industrial </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y12 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">process control plays a vital role. PID control is by far the most common diabolic </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y13 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">method, is classical control theory in practical control system of a typical application. </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y14 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">As the earliest one of the control strategy developed, PID control algorithm is simple </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y15 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and good robustness and high reliability... it was been widely used in industrial process</div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y16 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">control.</div><div class="t m0 x8 ha y17 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">This paper describes the now several mature PID control algorithm, the design of </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y18 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID controller is studied. Including controller hardware selection and software design </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y19 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of suitable hardware, to the detailed introduction of program running give detailed flow</div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y1a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">chart.</div><div class="t m0 x9 ha y1b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> The core of the PID controller choosing the AT89C51 of ATMEL company, through </div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y1c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the appropriate external hardware to complete simulation amount of data acquisition and</div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y1d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">processing, data module analog-to-digital conversion, LED display, keystroke function</div><div class="t m0 x4 ha y1e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">etc..</div><div class="t m0 x4 hb y1f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Key words: Microcomputer, PID algorithm, controller </div><div class="t m0 xa h4 y20 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">目录</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y21 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">摘 要....................................................................................................................................................I</div><div class="t m0 x4 hc y22 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract..............................................................................................................................................II</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y23 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第1章 绪论.........................................................................................................................................1</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y24 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.1 本课题的研究背景和意义...................................................................................................1</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y25 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2 PID控制器的研究现状........................................................................................................2</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y26 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2.1国内研究动态............................................................................................................2</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y27 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2.2 国外研究动态...........................................................................................................2</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y28 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3 本论文的主要研究内容.......................................................................................................3</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y29 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4 本章小结..............................................................................................................................3</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y2a ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第2章 PID控制器原理及简介...........................................................................................................4</div><div class="t m0 xd h7 yf ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">II</div></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763705,0.000000,0.000000,1.763705,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 xb h6 y2b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.1 PID控制器的简单介绍........................................................................................................4</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y2c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2完整的基于单片机的PID控制器的基本构成.....................................................................4</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y2d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3 本章小结..............................................................................................................................6</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y2e ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第3章单片机的PID控制器的硬件设计............................................................................................7</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y2f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1 键盘输入电路......................................................................................................................7</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y30 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2 LED显示器...........................................................................................................................7</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y31 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.1 LED数码管显示器结构和原理................................................................................8</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y32 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.2 LED数码显示器的接入............................................................................................8</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y33 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3 多路选择器..........................................................................................................................9</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y34 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4 AT89C51单片机.................................................................................................................11</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y35 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.1 AT89C51单片机的基本组成...................................................................................11</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y36 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.2 89C51单片机的引脚...............................................................................................11</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y37 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.389C51单片机中的CPU结构....................................................................................14</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y38 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.489C51单片机的存储器............................................................................................14</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y39 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.5 A/D、D/A转换器...............................................................................................................15</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y3a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.5.1 A/D转换器MAX187................................................................................................15</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y3b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.5.2 D/A转换器MAX531...............................................................................................16</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y3c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.6本章小结.............................................................................................................................18</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y3d ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第4章 基于单片机的PID控制器的软件设计.................................................................................19</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y3e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.1主程序流程图.....................................................................................................................19</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y3f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2 PID控制算法......................................................................................................................21</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y40 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1常规PID控制............................................................................................................22</div><div class="t m0 xc h6 y41 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2数字式PID控制........................................................................................................23</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y42 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3PID控制器的参数整定.......................................................................................................25</div><div class="t m0 xb h6 y43 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.4本章小结.............................................................................................................................26</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y44 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">参考文献..........................................................................................................................................28</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y45 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">谢 辞.................................................................................................................................................29</div><div class="t m0 xe h7 yf ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">III</div></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a 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false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763705,0.000000,0.000000,1.763705,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 xf h4 y46 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第1章 绪论</div><div class="t m0 x10 h5 y47 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">在工业生产过程中，自动化技术一直都发挥着重要的作用。工程上通过工业过</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y48 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">程控制系统来操作和控制实际的工业生产过程，而过程控制系统作为生产自动化的</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">最重要组成部分，常采用测量仪表和计算机等自动化工具，应用控制理论设计而成</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y5 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">工业控制器是专门针对控制参数进行现场控制的装置，应用非常广泛。</div><div class="t m0 x4 hd y49 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.1 本课题的研究背景和意义</div><div class="t m0 x10 h5 y4a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">本论文控制器的设计是以现在单片机的广泛应用为背景，以单片机为控制核心</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4b ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">来设计的利用PID控制理论为控制程序基础的控制器。</div><div class="t m0 x10 h5 y4c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">在科学技术不断发展和人们物质生活水平不断提高的今天，一方面，为了满足</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">优质、高产、低消耗及安全生产、保护环境等要求，制造产品的工艺变得越来越复</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">杂；另一方面，工业过程不仅要求控制的精确性，更加注重控制的鲁棒性、实时性</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y4f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">容错性以及控制参数的自适应和自学习能力。</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y50 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">工业过程控制领域中常用的现场仪表主要包括：（1）变送器（压力/差压、温</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y51 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">度、流量、物位等）；（2）执行器（电动执行器机构、阀门定位器、电动气动调</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y52 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">节阀门等）；仪表为溶入自动化控制系统中必须从仪表的智能化、数字化、模块化</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y53 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">低功耗、多变量、多参数等方面改进，而替代“一对一”的单向的通信方式，总线化</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y54 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的智能仪表不仅应具有起始值、量程、阻尼特性的调整、非线性的校正、多变量的</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y55 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">补偿、工程单位的换算等功能，而且还有故障自我诊断、PID调节和运算、自动报</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y56 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">警以及同系统双向通信的功能。</div><div class="t m0 x3 he y57 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器，也称作PID调节器，因其实现简单、精度稳定而被广泛地应用于</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y58 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">工业过程控制，通过调节整定PID控制器的比例参数、积分参数、微分参数来使其</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y59 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">能够适应于各种不同的对象，成为一种较为通用的调节器。PID控制是经典控制理</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">论在实际控制系统中的典型应用(统计至今在全球过程控制中所使用的84%是纯</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器，若改进型也包含在内的话则超过90%)。随着计算机技术的发展，现代</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">控制理论在实用性方面获得了很大进展，解决了许多经典控制理论不断解决的问题</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5d ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">这使很多人认为，新的理论和技术可以取代PID控制，但后来的发展说明，PID控</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">制并没有让位。</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y5f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">目前，PID控制仍然是在工业控制中应用得最为广泛的一种控制方法。这一方面是</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y60 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">由于其结构简单，鲁棒性和适应性较强；另一方面，它的调节整定较少依赖于系统</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y61 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的具体模型。随着计算机技术的发展，人们先后将模糊控制，自适应控制，专家控</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y62 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">制，神经网络控制等自动控制理论应用于PID控制，使PID控制的性能不断得到提</div><div class="t m0 xd h7 yf ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763705,0.000000,0.000000,1.763705,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/626ae87d7ae5df2aa7e86843/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x4 he y63 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">高，可以逐步克服不能同时很好地满足稳态精度与动态稳定性，平稳性与快速性的</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y64 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">要求以及对于存在强非线性、快速时变不确定性、强干扰等特性地现象，控制效果</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y65 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">较差等缺点，适用范围越来越广。</div><div class="t m0 x4 hd y66 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2 PID控制器的研究现状</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y67 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器因为结构简单、容易实现，并且具有较强的鲁棒性，因而被广泛应</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y68 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">用于各种工业过程控制中。作为一种广泛的控制规律，PID控制在相当长的一段时</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y69 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">间内，并没有因为各种先进控制算法的出现而遭到淘汰，相反，经过时间的考验，</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y6a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制仍然在各种控制技术中占主导地位。PID控制器参数整定的优劣与否，是</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y6b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器能否在实用中得到好的闭环控制效果的一个前提。迄今为止，各种先进</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y6c ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PID控制器参数整定方法层出不穷，给PID控制器参数整定的研究带来了活力与契</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y6d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">机。</div><div class="t m0 x4 hd y6e ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2.1国内研究动态</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y6f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">目前来讲，我国商品化自整定控制器的研究仍然处在起步阶段，主要原因有两</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y70 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">个：第一，自整定技术是一门集自适应控制、智能控制、自动化控制为一体的高科</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y71 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">技工程的新技术，由于商业保密性，国外许多重要设计技术的细节都没有公开。想</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y72 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">要利用最少的被控过程数学模型信息来自动获取鲁棒性强且可靠的最优化PID整定</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y73 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">参数，从而适应不同的被控过程，这种理论及实践在国内还处在理论分析和仿真试</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y74 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">验阶段；第二，自整定控制器是结合未处理计算机、新型精密电子元器件及、高密</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y75 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">度的工艺制作为一体的高集成度的自动化仪表，国内在这些方面与国外同类技术差</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y76 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">距甚远，影响了国内自整定控制器商品化的研制和发展。</div><div class="t m0 x4 hd y77 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2.2 国外研究动态</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y78 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> 目前，自动化仪表生产厂家主要集中在美国、日本、德国等工业发达国家。这些</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y79 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">公司大多是实力雄厚的跨国公司，代表着自动化仪表领域的最高成就，而且在智能</div><div class="t m0 x4 he y7a ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">仪表的设计方面也体现出了以下几点特点：</div><div class="t m0 x11 he y7b ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1） 良好的可靠性设计。 国外产品在设计阶段就十分注意可靠性分析与设计</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y7c ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">运用可靠性分配理论，将可靠性指标逐级分配，从而使整机的可靠性得</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y7d ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">到了保证。</div><div class="t m0 x11 he y7e ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2） 注重可维护设计。 高的可维护设计可使仪表便于生产调试和维修，包括</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y7f ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">在设计中实施与自动检测系统。</div><div class="t m0 xd h7 yf ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.763705,0.000000,0.000000,1.763705,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>