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<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624f1d6474bc5c010520fcc1/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w0 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this public<span class="_ _0"></span>ation at: <span class="fc1">https://www.rese<span class="_ _0"></span>archgate.ne<span class="_ _0"></span>t/publication/286962399</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Technical and economic modeling of the 2.5kW grid-Tie residential</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">photovoltaic system</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y5 ff3 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Article<span class="ff1 fc0"><span class="ff4 fc3">in</span><span class="fc4">International Journal of Renewable Energ<span class="_ _0"></span>y Research · January 2013</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y6 ff1 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">CITA<span class="_ _0"></span>TIONS</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y7 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5</div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y6 ff1 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">READS</div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y7 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">7,971</div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y8 ff3 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">2 authors:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y9 ff3 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">Some of the authors of this publication are also w<span class="_ _0"></span>orking on these related projects:</div><div class="t m0 x3 h7 ya ff1 fs2 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">Wind Power F<span class="_ _0"></span>orecasting<span class="fs4 fc0"> </span><span class="fc1">View project</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h7 yb ff1 fs2 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">voltage st<span class="_ _0"></span>ability analysis for a nuclear po<span class="_ _0"></span>wer plant<span class="fs4 fc0"> </span><span class="fc1">View project</span></div></div><div class="c x4 yc w2 h9"><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yd ff1 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chukwubuikem Chukwuka</div></div><div class="c x4 ye w2 ha"><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yf ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">University of Cape T<span class="_ _0"></span>o<span class="_ _0"></span>wn</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w0 h2"><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5<span class="ff1 fs2"> <span class="fs3 fc4">PUBLICATIONS</span></span>15<span class="ff1 fs2"> <span class="fs3 fc4">CIT<span class="_ _0"></span>A<span class="_ _0"></span>TIONS<span class="fs2 fc0"></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h6 y11 ff1 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">SEE PROFILE</div></div><div class="c x6 yc w2 h9"><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yd ff1 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Komla Folly</div></div><div class="c x6 ye w2 ha"><div class="t m0 x0 h5 yf ff1 fs2 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0">University of Cape T<span class="_ _0"></span>o<span class="_ _0"></span>wn</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w0 h2"><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">158<span class="ff1 fs2"> <span class="fs3 fc4">PUBLICATIONS</span></span>738<span class="ff1 fs2"> <span class="fs3 fc4">CIT<span class="_ _0"></span>A<span class="_ _0"></span>TIONS<span class="fs2 fc0"></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h6 y11 ff1 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">SEE PROFILE</div><div class="t m0 x8 h5 y12 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">All content f<span class="_ _0"></span>ollowing this page w<span class="_ _0"></span>as uploaded by <span class="fc1">Chukwubuikem Chukwuk<span class="_ _0"></span>a<span class="fc0"> on 10 May 2016.</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y13 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The user has requested enhancement of the downlo<span class="_ _0"></span>aded file.</div></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611792,0.000000,0.000000,1.611792,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w3 hb" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w3 hb"><img class="bi x0 y0 w4 hc" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624f1d6474bc5c010520fcc1/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x8 hd y14 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">INTERNATIONAL JOUR<span class="_ _1"></span>NAL of RENEWABLE<span class="_ _1"></span> ENERGY RESEARCH <span class="_ _2"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 hd y15 ff5 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">K.A. Folly et al., Vol.3, N<span class="_ _1"></span>o.2, 2013<span class="ff6"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 he y16 ff7 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 hf y17 ff8 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Technical and Economic Modeling of the 2.5kW </div><div class="t m0 xa hf y18 ff8 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Grid-Tie Residential Photovoltaic System </div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 y19 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xb h10 y1a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">C. Chukwuka*, K.A. Folly*</div><div class="t m0 xc h11 y1b ff9 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">‡</div><div class="t m0 xd h10 y1a ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 y1c ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 xe h12 y1d ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">*Department of Electrical E<span class="_ _1"></span>ngineering, Universit<span class="_ _1"></span>y of Cape To<span class="_ _1"></span>wn</div><div class="t m0 xf h13 y1e ff8 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x10 h14 y1f ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">oluchux@y<span class="_ _0"></span>ahoo.com, Koml<span class="_ _0"></span>a.Folly@uct.ac.z<span class="_ _0"></span>a </div><div class="t m0 x2 h14 y20 ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x2 h14 y21 ff8 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x11 h11 y22 ff9 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">‡<span class="ff7 fsb"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x12 h12 y23 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Corresponding Author; K.<span class="_ _1"></span>A. Foll<span class="_ _1"></span>y, Department of Electrica<span class="_ _1"></span>l Engineering, Universit<span class="_ _1"></span>y of Cape Town, Private Bag X3<span class="_ _1"></span> 7703 </div><div class="t m0 x13 h12 y24 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Rondebosch<span class="ls1">, </span>+2772<span class="_ _1"></span>2388081<span class="_ _1"></span>, oluchux@yahoo.com<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y25 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x14 h15 y26 ffa fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Received<span class="ls2">: </span>29.03<span class="_ _1"></span>.2013 Accepted:<span class="_ _1"></span> 19.05.2013 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h10 y27 ff8 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h16 y28 ffb fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Abstract-<span class="ff8"> <span class="_ _3"></span>The <span class="_ _3"></span>ris<span class="_ _0"></span>ing <span class="_ _3"></span>cost <span class="_ _4"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>electricity <span class="_ _4"></span>and <span class="_ _3"></span>environmental <span class="_ _4"></span>co<span class="_ _1"></span>ncerns <span class="_ _4"></span>have <span class="_ _3"></span>driven <span class="_ _4"></span>research <span class="_ _3"></span>in <span class="_ _4"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>photovoltaic <span class="_ _4"></span>panel<span class="_ _1"></span>s. <span class="_ _4"></span>In <span class="_ _3"></span>this </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y29 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">paper, <span class="_"> </span>w<span class="_ _0"></span>e <span class="_"> </span>used <span class="_ _5"> </span>Matlab <span class="_"> </span>Simulink <span class="_ _5"> </span>to <span class="_"> </span>m<span class="_ _0"></span>odel <span class="_"> </span>the <span class="_ _5"> </span>photovolt<span class="_ _1"></span>aic <span class="_"> </span>m<span class="_ _0"></span>odule. <span class="_ _5"> </span>T<span class="_ _1"></span>he <span class="_ _5"> </span>P<span class="_ _1"></span>V <span class="_"> </span>m<span class="_ _0"></span>odule <span class="_"> </span>is <span class="_ _5"> </span>connected <span class="_"> </span>to <span class="_ _5"> </span>the <span class="_"> </span>DC<span class="_ _2"></span>-DC <span class="_ _5"> </span>bo<span class="_ _1"></span>ost </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y2a ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">converter, MP<span class="_ _1"></span>PT, <span class="_ _1"></span>full-wave <span class="_ _1"></span>inverter a<span class="_ _1"></span>nd trans<span class="_ _1"></span>former stage <span class="_ _1"></span>using <span class="_ _1"></span>the Si<span class="_ _1"></span>mPowerSystems <span class="_ _1"></span>of Matlab. <span class="_ _1"></span>The eco<span class="_ _1"></span>nomic <span class="_ _1"></span>model o<span class="_ _1"></span>f the </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y2b ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">PV <span class="_ _2"></span>system <span class="_ _1"></span>is <span class="_ _2"></span>done <span class="_ _2"></span>using <span class="_ _2"></span>the <span class="_ _2"></span>S<span class="_ _1"></span>ystems <span class="_ _1"></span>Advisor<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _1"></span>Mo<span class="_ _1"></span>del <span class="_ _2"></span>(SAM) <span class="_ _2"></span>in <span class="_ _1"></span>Sout<span class="_ _1"></span>h <span class="_ _1"></span>African <span class="_ _2"></span>conte<span class="_ _1"></span>xt. <span class="_ _2"></span>The <span class="_ _1"></span>inputs <span class="_ _4"></span>used <span class="_ _1"></span>are <span class="_ _2"></span>obtained <span class="_ _2"></span>fro<span class="_ _1"></span>m <span class="_ _1"></span>the </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y2c ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">draft <span class="_ _1"></span>docu<span class="_ _1"></span>ment o<span class="_ _1"></span>f <span class="_ _1"></span>National <span class="_ _2"></span>Energy <span class="_ _1"></span>R<span class="_ _1"></span>egulator <span class="_ _2"></span>of <span class="_ _1"></span>South <span class="_ _1"></span>Afri<span class="_ _1"></span>ca <span class="_ _1"></span>(NERSA) <span class="_ _2"></span>Renewable <span class="_ _1"></span>feed<span class="_ _1"></span>-<span class="_ _1"></span>in <span class="_ _1"></span>tariff <span class="_ _1"></span>(REFIT) <span class="_ _2"></span>of <span class="_ _1"></span>2011<span class="_ _1"></span>. <span class="_ _1"></span>The <span class="_ _1"></span>result<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y2d ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">obtained <span class="_ _1"></span>shows <span class="_ _1"></span>that <span class="_ _1"></span>PV <span class="_ _1"></span>elec<span class="_ _1"></span>tricity <span class="_ _1"></span>is <span class="_ _1"></span>viable <span class="_ _2"></span>within <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>NERSA <span class="_ _1"></span>RE<span class="_ _1"></span>FIT <span class="_ _1"></span>progra<span class="_ _1"></span>m ho<span class="_ _1"></span>wever <span class="_ _1"></span>for <span class="_ _1"></span>a <span class="_ _1"></span>residential <span class="_ _1"></span>PV <span class="_ _1"></span>op<span class="_ _1"></span>erator <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>cost<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y2e ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of PV electricit<span class="_ _1"></span>y is still higher than the util<span class="_ _1"></span>ity electricit<span class="_ _1"></span>y tariff.<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h16 y2f ffb fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Keywords-<span class="ff8"> <span class="_ _1"></span>P<span class="_ _1"></span>hotovoltaic, <span class="_ _1"></span>systems ad<span class="_ _1"></span>visory <span class="_ _1"></span>model <span class="_ _1"></span>(SAM), <span class="_ _1"></span>levelised <span class="_ _1"></span>co<span class="_ _1"></span>st of <span class="_ _1"></span>elec<span class="_ _1"></span>tricity (<span class="_ _1"></span>LCOE), <span class="_ _1"></span>Maximum <span class="_ _1"></span>po<span class="_ _1"></span>wer p<span class="_ _1"></span>oint <span class="_ _1"></span>tracker </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y30 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(MPPT), DC<span class="_ _1"></span>-DC converters, full<span class="_ _1"></span>-wave inverter.<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y31 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h17 y32 ffb fs5 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws0">1.<span class="ffc ls0"> <span class="_ _6"> </span><span class="ffb">Introduction<span class="ff8"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x15 h12 y33 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Photovoltaic <span class="_ _1"></span>cells <span class="_ _1"></span>are <span class="_ _1"></span>classi<span class="_ _1"></span>fied <span class="_ _1"></span>as <span class="_ _1"></span>the d<span class="_ _1"></span>irect <span class="_ _1"></span>solar <span class="_ _1"></span>po<span class="_ _1"></span>wer </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y34 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">devices <span class="_ _7"> </span>because <span class="_ _7"> </span>they <span class="_ _7"> </span>con<span class="_ _1"></span>vert <span class="_ _7"> </span>light <span class="_ _7"> </span>directly <span class="_ _7"> </span>to <span class="_ _7"> </span>electr<span class="_ _1"></span>icity. </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y35 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">They <span class="_"> </span>are <span class="_ _7"> </span>semiconductors <span class="_ _7"> </span>that <span class="_ _7"> </span>g<span class="_ _0"></span>enerate <span class="_ _7"> </span>photocurrent <span class="_ _8"> </span>by <span class="_ _8"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y36 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">process <span class="_ _3"></span>known <span class="_ _3"></span>a<span class="_ _1"></span>s <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>photovo<span class="_ _1"></span>ltaic <span class="_ _3"></span>effect. <span class="_ _3"></span>This <span class="_ _3"></span>is <span class="_ _3"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>p<span class="_ _1"></span>rocess </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y37 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">whereby <span class="_ _3"></span>electr<span class="_ _1"></span>ons <span class="_ _3"></span>are <span class="_ _3"></span>tran<span class="_ _1"></span>sferred <span class="_ _9"></span>from <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>valence <span class="_ _3"></span>b<span class="_ _1"></span>and <span class="_ _3"></span>t<span class="_ _1"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y38 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the <span class="_ _3"></span>conduction <span class="_ _3"></span>within <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _9"> </span>material <span class="_ _3"></span>resulting <span class="_ _3"></span>in <span class="_ _3"></span>t<span class="_ _1"></span>he <span class="_ _3"></span>build<span class="_ _1"></span>-<span class="ls3">up </span></div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y39 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of <span class="_ _6"> </span>v<span class="_ _0"></span>oltage <span class="_ _6"> </span>across <span class="_ _6"> </span>the <span class="_ _a"> </span>electrod<span class="_ _1"></span>es. <span class="_ _a"> </span>This <span class="_ _a"> </span>pro<span class="_ _1"></span>cess <span class="_ _6"> </span>was <span class="_ _a"> </span>first </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3a ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">observed <span class="_ _5"> </span>by <span class="_ _5"> </span>Alexandre-Edmo<span class="_ _1"></span>nd <span class="_ _5"> </span>Becquerel <span class="_ _5"> </span>in <span class="_ _9"> </span>183<span class="_ _1"></span>9 <span class="_ _5"> </span>[1]. <span class="_ _9"> </span>I<span class="_ _1"></span>n </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3b ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">most <span class="_ _6"> </span>p<span class="_ _1"></span>hotovoltaic <span class="_ _b"> </span>applicatio<span class="_ _1"></span>ns, <span class="_ _b"> </span>the <span class="_ _b"> </span>radiation <span class="_ _6"> </span>i<span class="_ _1"></span>s <span class="_ _b"> </span>sunlight </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3c ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">hence t<span class="_ _1"></span>hey <span class="_ _1"></span>are <span class="_ _1"></span>called <span class="_ _1"></span>solar <span class="_ _1"></span>cel<span class="_ _1"></span>ls. I<span class="_ _1"></span>n t<span class="_ _1"></span>he ca<span class="_ _1"></span>se o<span class="_ _1"></span>f a <span class="_ _1"></span>p<span class="_ _2"></span>-n j<span class="_ _1"></span>unction </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3d ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">solar cell, <span class="_ _1"></span>illumi<span class="_ _1"></span>nating the <span class="_ _1"></span>ma<span class="_ _1"></span>terial creates <span class="_ _1"></span>an <span class="_ _1"></span>electric <span class="_ _1"></span>current </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3e ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">as <span class="_ _8"> </span>the <span class="_ _8"> </span>excited <span class="_ _7"> </span>electrons <span class="_ _8"> </span>and<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _8"> </span>holes <span class="_ _8"> </span>are <span class="_ _8"> </span>s<span class="_ _1"></span>wept <span class="_ _8"> </span>in <span class="_ _8"> </span>dif<span class="_ _1"></span>ferent </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y3f ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">direction <span class="_ _3"></span>by <span class="_ _4"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>bui<span class="_ _1"></span>lt-in <span class="_ _3"></span>electric <span class="_ _3"></span>field <span class="_ _3"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _3"></span>depletio<span class="_ _1"></span>n <span class="_ _4"></span>regio<span class="_ _1"></span>n. </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y40 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">There <span class="_ _5"> </span>are <span class="_ _5"> </span>currently <span class="_"> </span>m<span class="_ _0"></span>any <span class="_ _5"> </span>research <span class="_ _5"> </span>groups <span class="_ _5"> </span>a<span class="_ _1"></span>nd <span class="_ _5"> </span>universities </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y41 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">with <span class="_ _6"> </span>research <span class="_ _6"> </span>focused <span class="_ _b"> </span>on <span class="_ _a"> </span>the <span class="_ _6"> </span>develop<span class="_ _1"></span>ment <span class="_ _6"> </span>of <span class="_ _6"> </span>the <span class="_ _6"> </span>solar </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y42 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">photovoltaic <span class="_ _a"> </span>cells, <span class="_ _7"> </span>and <span class="_ _a"> </span>that <span class="_ _7"> </span>their <span class="_ _a"> </span>works <span class="_ _7"> </span>are <span class="_ _a"> </span>divided <span class="_ _a"> </span>into </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y43 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">making <span class="_ _1"></span>solar<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _1"></span>cells <span class="_ _2"></span>cheaper, <span class="_ _4"></span>more <span class="_ _1"></span>efficient <span class="_ _2"></span>compared <span class="_ _2"></span>to <span class="_ _2"></span>other </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y44 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">energy <span class="_ _c"> </span>sources, <span class="_ _c"> </span>developing <span class="_ _c"> </span>new <span class="_ _c"> </span>technologies <span class="_ _c"> </span>and </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y45 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">architectural <span class="_ _7"> </span>d<span class="_ _1"></span>esigns, <span class="_ _7"> </span>a<span class="_ _1"></span>nd <span class="_ _7"> </span>d<span class="_ _1"></span>eveloping <span class="_ _a"> </span>new <span class="_ _7"> </span>materials <span class="_ _a"> </span>with </div><div class="t m0 x8 h12 y46 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">enhanced light absorption and <span class="_ _1"></span>charge carrier cap<span class="_ _1"></span>abilities.<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x6 h12 y47 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Solar <span class="_ _6"> </span>power <span class="_ _6"> </span>is <span class="_ _6"> </span>rene<span class="_ _1"></span>wable <span class="_ _6"> </span>and <span class="_ _6"> </span>pollution <span class="_ _6"> </span>free <span class="_ _b"> </span>which </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y48 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">means <span class="_ _1"></span>no <span class="_ _4"></span>greenhouse <span class="_ _1"></span>gases <span class="_ _2"></span>are <span class="_ _2"></span>e<span class="_ _1"></span>mitted <span class="_ _1"></span>once <span class="_ _4"></span>they <span class="_ _1"></span>are <span class="_ _2"></span>set <span class="_ _2"></span>up. </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y49 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The <span class="_ _1"></span>sun <span class="_ _2"></span>keeps <span class="_ _1"></span>co<span class="_ _1"></span>ming <span class="_ _1"></span>bac<span class="_ _1"></span>k <span class="_ _1"></span>ever<span class="_ _1"></span>y d<span class="_ _1"></span>ay <span class="_ _1"></span>(i<span class="_ _1"></span>n <span class="_ _1"></span>many <span class="_ _1"></span>p<span class="_ _1"></span>laces). <span class="_ _2"></span>The </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4a ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">solar <span class="_ _5"> </span>energy<span class="_ _0"></span> <span class="_ _5"> </span>landing <span class="_ _9"> </span>on <span class="_ _5"> </span>the <span class="_ _5"> </span>earth <span class="_ _9"> </span>in <span class="_ _5"> </span>one <span class="_ _9"> </span>da<span class="_ _1"></span>y <span class="_ _9"> </span>is <span class="_ _5"> </span>enough <span class="_ _9"> </span>t<span class="_ _1"></span>o </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4b ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">power <span class="_ _3"></span>the <span class="_ _4"></span>planet <span class="_ _3"></span>for <span class="_ _3"></span>a <span class="_ _3"></span>year. <span class="_ _3"></span>The <span class="_ _3"></span>main <span class="_ _4"></span>disadvanta<span class="_ _1"></span>ges <span class="_ _4"></span>o<span class="_ _1"></span>f <span class="_ _3"></span>the </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4c ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">solar <span class="_ _2"></span>p<span class="_ _1"></span>ower <span class="_ _2"></span>devices <span class="_ _4"></span>are <span class="_ _4"></span>high <span class="_ _2"></span>installed <span class="_ _4"></span>cost <span class="_ _2"></span>per<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _2"></span>unit <span class="_ _4"></span>watt <span class="_ _2"></span>and<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4d ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws0">th<span class="ls0">e <span class="_ _5"> </span>intermittent <span class="_ _5"> </span>nature <span class="_ _5"> </span>of <span class="_ _5"> </span>t<span class="_ _1"></span>he <span class="_ _5"> </span>output <span class="_ _5"> </span>po<span class="_ _1"></span>wer. <span class="_ _5"> </span>Consequently, </span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4e ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the <span class="_ _5"> </span>solar <span class="_ _5"> </span>panels <span class="_ _5"> </span>are <span class="_ _5"> </span>o<span class="_ _1"></span>ften <span class="_ _5"> </span>used <span class="_ _5"> </span>in <span class="_ _5"> </span>conjunction <span class="_"> </span>w<span class="_ _0"></span>ith <span class="_ _5"> </span>power </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y4f ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">electronics <span class="_ _6"> </span>and <span class="_ _6"> </span>b<span class="_ _1"></span>atteries <span class="_ _b"> </span>which <span class="_ _a"> </span>furt<span class="_ _1"></span>her <span class="_ _6"> </span>add <span class="_ _6"> </span>to<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _6"> </span>the <span class="_ _6"> </span>total </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y50 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">installed <span class="_"> </span>cost. <span class="_"> </span>Subsidies <span class="_ _5"> </span>and<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_"> </span>grants <span class="_ _5"> </span>are <span class="_"> </span>available <span class="_"> </span>in <span class="_"> </span>many </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y51 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">countries <span class="_ _2"></span>to <span class="_ _2"></span>alleviate <span class="_ _2"></span>th<span class="_ _1"></span>e <span class="_ _2"></span>issue <span class="_ _2"></span>of <span class="_ _2"></span>hig<span class="_ _1"></span>h <span class="_ _1"></span>cost<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _1"></span>o<span class="_ _1"></span>f <span class="_ _2"></span>the <span class="_ _2"></span>panels <span class="_ _2"></span>[2]. </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y52 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The so<span class="_ _1"></span>lar <span class="_ _1"></span>cells ar<span class="_ _1"></span>e <span class="_ _1"></span>classified <span class="_ _1"></span>as <span class="_ _1"></span>the Silico<span class="_ _1"></span>n, <span class="_ _1"></span>thin f<span class="_ _1"></span>ilm, orga<span class="_ _1"></span>nic </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y53 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and <span class="_ _1"></span>the <span class="_ _1"></span>Conce<span class="_ _1"></span>ntrated <span class="_ _1"></span>Photovoltaics <span class="_ _2"></span>(CPV). <span class="_ _2"></span>The <span class="_ _1"></span>concentrated </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y54 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">photovoltaic <span class="_"> </span>solar <span class="_"> </span>ce<span class="_ _1"></span>lls <span class="_"> </span>have <span class="_"> </span>sho<span class="_ _1"></span>wn <span class="_"> </span>the <span class="_"> </span>best <span class="_"> </span>perfor<span class="_ _1"></span>mance </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y55 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">than the rest. </div><div class="t m0 x16 h17 y56 ffb fs5 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws0">2.<span class="ffc ls0"> <span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ffb">Theory Develop<span class="_ _1"></span>ment </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h12 y57 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A <span class="_ _9"> </span>so<span class="_ _1"></span>lar <span class="_ _5"> </span>cell <span class="_ _9"> </span>is <span class="_ _5"> </span>basically <span class="_ _9"> </span>a <span class="_ _5"> </span>p-n <span class="_ _9"> </span>junction <span class="_ _5"> </span>fabricated <span class="_ _5"> </span>in <span class="_ _9"> </span>a </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y58 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">thin <span class="_ _3"></span>wafer <span class="_ _9"></span>of <span class="_ _3"></span>se<span class="_ _1"></span>miconductor. <span class="_ _9"> </span>The <span class="_ _3"></span>electro<span class="_ _1"></span>magnetic <span class="_ _3"></span>radiatio<span class="_ _1"></span>n </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y59 ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of <span class="_ _6"> </span>solar <span class="_ _6"> </span>energy <span class="_ _6"> </span>can <span class="_ _6"> </span>be <span class="_ _b"> </span>directly <span class="_ _a"> </span>co<span class="_ _1"></span>nverted <span class="_ _6"> </span>to <span class="_ _6"> </span>electr<span class="_ _1"></span>icity </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y5a ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">through <span class="_ _9"> </span>photovoltaic <span class="_ _9"> </span>ef<span class="_ _1"></span>fect. <span class="_ _9"> </span>Being <span class="_ _9"> </span>exposed<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _3"></span>to<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span>the <span class="_ _9"> </span>sunlig<span class="_ _1"></span>ht, </div><div class="t m0 x16 h12 y5b ff8 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">photons <span class="_ _2"></span>with <span class="_ _2"></span>ener<span class="_ _1"></span>gy <span class="_ _2"></span>greater<span class="_ _1"></span> <span class="_ _2"></span>than <span class="_ _2"></span>the <span class="_ _2"></span>band<span class="_ _1"></span>-gap <span class="_ _2"></span>ener<span class="_ _1"></span>gy <span class="_ _1"></span>of <span class="_ _4"></span>the </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611792,0.000000,0.000000,1.611792,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
