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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624769a562b5053d3cac8221/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624769a562b5053d3cac8221/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The Python Library Reference</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Release 3.1.2</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Guido van Rossum</div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</div><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y5 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">April 25, 2010</div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y6 ff4 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Python Software Foundation</div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y7 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Email: docs@python.org</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624769a562b5053d3cac8221/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">CONTENTS</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y9 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1 Introduction 3</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 ya ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2 Built-in Functions 5</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 yb ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3 Built-in Constants 21</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 yc ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1 Constants added by the site module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 yd ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">4 Built-in Objects 23</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 ye ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5 Built-in Types 25</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 yf ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.1 Truth Value Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y10 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.2 Boolean Operations — and, or, not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y11 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.3 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y12 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.4 Numeric Types — int, float, complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y13 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.5 Iterator Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y14 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.6 Sequence Types — str, bytes, bytearray, list, tuple, range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y15 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.7 Set Types — set, frozenset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y16 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.8 Mapping Types — dict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y17 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.9 memoryview Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y18 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.10 Context Manager Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y19 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.11 Other Built-in Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.12 Special Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1b ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">6 Built-in Exceptions 51</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">6.1 Exception hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1d ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7 String Services 57</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1e ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.1 string — Common string operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.2 re — Regular expression operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y20 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.3 struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y21 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.4 difflib — Helpers for computing deltas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y22 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.5 textwrap — Text wrapping and ﬁlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y23 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.6 codecs — Codec registry and base classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y24 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.7 unicodedata — Unicode Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y25 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.8 stringprep — Internet String Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y26 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8 Data Types 109</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y27 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.1 datetime — Basic date and time types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y28 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.2 calendar — General calendar-related functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y29 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.3 collections — Container datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.4 heapq — Heap queue algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2b ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.5 bisect — Array bisection algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.6 array — Efﬁcient arrays of numeric values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.7 sched — Event scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152</div><div class="t m0 xb ha y2e ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">i</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" 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<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624769a562b5053d3cac8221/bg4.jpg"><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.8 queue — A synchronized queue class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y30 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.9 weakref — Weak references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y31 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.10 types — Names for built-in types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.11 copy — Shallow and deep copy operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y32 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.12 pprint — Data pretty printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y33 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">8.13 reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y34 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9 Numeric and Mathematical Modules 167</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y35 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.1 numbers — Numeric abstract base classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y36 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.2 math — Mathematical functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y37 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.3 cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y38 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.4 decimal — Decimal ﬁxed point and ﬂoating point arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y39 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.5 fractions — Rational numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.6 random — Generate pseudo-random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3b ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.7 itertools — Functions creating iterators for efﬁcient looping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.8 functools — Higher order functions and operations on callable objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 213</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.9 operator — Standard operators as functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y3e ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10 File and Directory Access 221</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.1 os.path — Common pathname manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y40 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.2 fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y41 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.3 stat — Interpreting stat() results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 yd ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.4 filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y42 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.5 tempfile — Generate temporary ﬁles and directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y43 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.6 glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y44 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.7 fnmatch — Unix ﬁlename pattern matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y45 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.8 linecache — Random access to text lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y46 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.9 shutil — High-level ﬁle operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y47 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.10 macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y48 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11 Data Persistence 237</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y15 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.1 pickle — Python object serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y16 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.2 copyreg — Register pickle support functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y17 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.3 shelve — Python object persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y18 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.4 marshal — Internal Python object serialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y19 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.5 dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y49 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">11.6 sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y1b ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12 Data Compression and Archiving 271</div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y4a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.1 zlib — Compression compatible with gzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271</div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y4b ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.2 gzip — Support for gzip ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273</div><div class="t m0 xa h8 y4c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.3 bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y4d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.4 zipfile — Work with ZIP archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y4e ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">12.5 tarfile — Read and write tar archive ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y21 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13 File Formats 289</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y22 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.1 csv — CSV File Reading and Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y23 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.2 configparser — Conﬁguration ﬁle parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y4f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.3 netrc — netrc ﬁle processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y25 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.4 xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y50 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.5 plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y27 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">14 Cryptographic Services 305</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y28 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">14.1 hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y29 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">14.2 hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y51 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15 Generic Operating System Services 309</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y52 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.1 os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y53 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.2 io — Core tools for working with streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328</div><div class="t m0 x9 ha y2e ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ii</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a 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<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/624769a562b5053d3cac8221/bg5.jpg"><div class="t m0 xa h9 y2f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.3 time — Time access and conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y30 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.4 optparse — More powerful command line option parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y31 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.5 getopt — Parser for command line options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.6 logging — Logging facility for Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y32 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.7 getpass — Portable password input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y33 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.8 curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y54 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.9 curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y55 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.10 curses.wrapper — Terminal handler for curses programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y56 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.11 curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y57 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.12 curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y58 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.13 platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y59 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.14 errno — Standard errno system symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">15.15 ctypes — A foreign function library for Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y3b ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16 Optional Operating System Services 457</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.1 select — Waiting for I/O completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y3d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.2 threading — Higher-level threading interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5b ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.3 dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module . . . . . . . . . . . 469</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.4 _thread — Low-level threading API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 yb ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.5 _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 yc ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.6 multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.7 mmap — Memory-mapped ﬁle support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5e ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.8 readline — GNU readline interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y5f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">16.9 rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y44 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17 Interprocess Communication and Networking 525</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y45 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.1 subprocess — Subprocess management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y60 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.2 socket — Low-level networking interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y47 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.3 ssl — SSL wrapper for socket objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y61 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.4 signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y62 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.5 asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y63 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">17.6 asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y17 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18 Internet Data Handling 559</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y18 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.1 email — An email and MIME handling package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y19 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.2 json — JSON encoder and decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y1a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.3 mailcap — Mailcap ﬁle handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y64 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.4 mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y65 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.5 mimetypes — Map ﬁlenames to MIME types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y66 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.6 base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y67 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.7 binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y68 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.8 binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y69 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.9 quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y6a ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">18.10 uu — Encode and decode uuencode ﬁles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y6b ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19 Structured Markup Processing Tools 615</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y6c ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.1 html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y6d ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.2 html.entities — Deﬁnitions of HTML general entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y6e ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.3 xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y6f ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.4 xml.dom — The Document Object Model API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y70 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.5 xml.dom.minidom — Lightweight DOM implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y71 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.6 xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y72 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.7 xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y73 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.8 xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y74 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.9 xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y75 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.10 xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645</div><div class="t m0 xa h9 y76 ff3 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">19.11 xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649</div><div class="t m0 x9 h8 y77 ff4 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">20 Internet Protocols and Support 655</div><div class="t m0 xc ha y2e ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">iii</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" 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