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<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6285f3222927237e3ff6664e/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y3 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Module F</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y4 ff3 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Transport Layer over Wireless Networks</div><div class="t m0 x4 h4 y5 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">P. Papadimitratos and JP Hubau<span class="_ _0"></span>x</div><div class="t m0 x5 h6 y6 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Mobile Network<span class="_ _1"></span>s</div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y7 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">http://mobnet<span class="_ _1"></span>.epfl.ch</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6285f3222927237e3ff6664e/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="fc3 sc0">2</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h5 y8 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Transmission Co<span class="_ _0"></span>ntrol Protocol (<span class="_ _1"></span>TCP)</div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 y9 ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 ya ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Reliabl<span class="_ _0"></span>e, in-order data </div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 yb ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">delivery</div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 yc ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 yd ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Flow control </div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 ye ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 yf ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Congestion avoi<span class="_ _0"></span>dance </div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 y10 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and control</div><div class="t m0 x8 h7 y11 ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 y12 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">End-to-end semantics</div><div class="t m0 xa h6 y13 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Host A<span class="_ _2"> </span>Host B</div><div class="t m1 xb h8 y14 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m1 xc h8 y15 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Y</div><div class="t m1 xd h8 y16 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">N</div><div class="t m1 xe h8 y17 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m1 xf h8 y18 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m1 x10 h8 y19 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m1 x11 h8 y1a ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">e</div><div class="t m1 x12 h8 y1b ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">q</div><div class="t m1 x13 h8 y1c ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">_</div><div class="t m1 x14 h8 y1d ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n</div><div class="t m1 x15 h8 y1e ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">o</div><div class="t m1 x16 h8 y1f ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m1 x17 h8 y20 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">=</div><div class="t m1 x18 h8 y21 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m1 x19 h8 y22 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x</div><div class="t m2 x1a h9 y23 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m2 x1b h9 y24 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Y</div><div class="t m2 x1c h9 y25 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">N</div><div class="t m2 xc h9 y26 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m2 x1d h9 y27 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x1e h9 y28 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m2 x1f h9 y29 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">e</div><div class="t m2 x20 h9 y2a ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">q</div><div class="t m2 x21 h9 y2b ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">_</div><div class="t m2 x22 h9 y2c ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n</div><div class="t m2 x23 h9 y2d ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">o</div><div class="t m2 x24 h9 y2e ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x25 h9 y2f ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">=</div><div class="t m2 x15 h9 y30 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x26 h9 y31 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">y</div><div class="t m2 x27 h9 y32 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m2 x28 h9 y33 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x29 h9 y34 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A</div><div class="t m2 x2a h9 y35 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">C</div><div class="t m2 x2b h9 y36 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">K</div><div class="t m2 x2c h9 y37 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m2 x2d h9 y38 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x2e h9 y39 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A</div><div class="t m2 x2f h9 y3a ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c</div><div class="t m2 x30 h9 y3b ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">k</div><div class="t m2 x31 h9 y3c ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">_</div><div class="t m2 x32 h9 y3d ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n</div><div class="t m2 x33 h9 y3e ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">o</div><div class="t m2 x34 h9 y3f ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x35 h9 y40 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">=</div><div class="t m2 x36 h9 y41 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m2 x37 h9 y42 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x</div><div class="t m2 x38 h9 y43 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">+</div><div class="t m2 x39 h9 y44 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m3 x3a ha y45 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">S</div><div class="t m3 x3b ha y46 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">e</div><div class="t m3 x3c ha y47 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">q</div><div class="t m3 x3d ha y48 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">_</div><div class="t m3 xd ha y49 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n</div><div class="t m3 x1f ha y4a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">o</div><div class="t m3 x3e ha y4b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x3f ha y4c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">=</div><div class="t m3 x11 ha y4d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x40 ha y4e ff6 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">x</div><div class="t m3 x23 ha y4f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">+</div><div class="t m3 x24 ha y50 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m3 x41 ha y51 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m3 x42 ha y52 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x26 ha y53 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A</div><div class="t m3 x43 ha y54 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">C</div><div class="t m3 x44 ha y55 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">K</div><div class="t m3 x45 ha y56 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">,</div><div class="t m3 x46 ha y57 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x47 ha y58 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A</div><div class="t m3 x48 ha y59 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">c</div><div class="t m3 x49 ha y5a ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">k</div><div class="t m3 x4a ha y5b ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">_</div><div class="t m3 x30 ha y5c ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">n</div><div class="t m3 x31 ha y5d ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">o</div><div class="t m3 x32 ha y5e ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x4b ha y5f ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">=</div><div class="t m3 x4c ha y60 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m3 x34 ha y61 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">y</div><div class="t m3 x4d ha y62 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">+</div><div class="t m3 x37 ha y63 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6285f3222927237e3ff6664e/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3</div><div class="t m0 x4e h5 y8 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">TCP <span class="fs3">(cont’d)</span></div><div class="t m0 x4f hb y64 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Send buffe<span class="_ _0"></span>r</div><div class="t m0 x50 h6 y65 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Segments</div><div class="t m0 x3f hb y66 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Receive bu<span class="_ _0"></span>ffer</div><div class="t m0 x51 hb y67 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Application<span class="_ _0"></span> writes </div><div class="t m0 x52 hb y68 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">bytes in send bu<span class="_ _0"></span>ffer</div><div class="t m0 x53 h6 y69 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ACKs</div><div class="t m0 x54 hb y6a ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Transmitter<span class="_ _3"> </span>Receiver</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y67 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Application re<span class="_ _0"></span>ads bytes </div><div class="t m0 x13 hb y68 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">from receive buffer</div><div class="t m0 x55 hc y6b ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">TCP transfers a stream </div><div class="t m0 x56 hc y6c ff4 fs9 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">of bytes reliably<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x57 hb y6d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Applicatio<span class="_ _0"></span>n layer</div><div class="t m0 x58 hb y6e ff2 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Transport layer</div><div class="t m0 x59 hd y6f ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Write 45 bytes</div><div class="t m0 x59 hd y70 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Write 15 bytes</div><div class="t m0 x59 hd y71 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Write 20 bytes</div><div class="t m0 x5a hd y24 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Read 40 bytes</div><div class="t m0 x5a hd y72 ff4 fsa fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Read 40 bytes</div><div class="t m0 x5b h6 y73 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Internet</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6285f3222927237e3ff6664e/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x5c h6 y74 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x5d h6 y75 ff2 fs3 fc4 sc0 ls0 ws0">Light traff<span class="_ _1"></span>ic<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5e he y76 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y77 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arrival Rate << R</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y78 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y79 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Low delay</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y7a ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y7b ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Can accommoda<span class="_ _0"></span>te more</div><div class="t m0 x5d h6 y4 ff2 fs3 fc5 sc0 ls0 ws0">Congestion <span class="_ _1"></span>onset</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y7c ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y7d ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arrival rate approa<span class="_ _0"></span>ches R </div><div class="t m0 x5e he y7e ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y7f ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Delay increa<span class="_ _0"></span>ses rapidly</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y80 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y81 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Throughput be<span class="_ _0"></span>gins to saturate</div><div class="t m0 x5d h6 y82 ff2 fs3 fc6 sc0 ls0 ws0">Saturation</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y83 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y84 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arrival rate > R</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y85 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y86 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Large del<span class="_ _0"></span>ays, packet loss</div><div class="t m0 x5e he y87 ff5 fsb fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y88 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Useful appli<span class="_ _0"></span>cation throug<span class="_ _0"></span>hput </div><div class="t m0 x5f hb y89 ff4 fs8 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">drops</div><div class="t m4 x60 h6 y8a ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Through<span class="_ _1"></span>put (bps<span class="_ _1"></span>)</div><div class="t m4 x61 h6 y8b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Delay<span class="_ _1"></span> (sec<span class="_ _1"></span>)</div><div class="t m0 x62 h6 y8c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div><div class="t m0 x63 h6 y8d ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">R</div><div class="t m0 x64 h6 y8e ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arrival </div><div class="t m0 x65 h6 y8f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Rate</div><div class="t m0 x66 h6 y90 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Arrival </div><div class="t m0 x64 h6 y91 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Rate</div><div class="t m0 x67 h5 y92 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">TCP <span class="fs3">(cont’d)</span></div><div class="t m0 x68 h7 y93 ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x69 h4 y94 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Congestio<span class="_ _0"></span>n</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6285f3222927237e3ff6664e/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5</div><div class="t m0 x4e h5 y8 ff2 fs2 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">TCP <span class="fs3">(cont’d)</span></div><div class="t m0 x6a h7 y95 ff5 fs4 fc2 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x6b h4 y96 ff4 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Slow Start</div><div class="t m0 x6c hf y97 ff5 fsc fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x6d h6 y98 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Increase c<span class="_ _1"></span>ongestion win<span class="_ _1"></span>dow size<span class="_ _1"></span> (<span class="ff2">cw<span class="_ _1"></span>nd</span>) by one <span class="_ _1"></span>segment for </div><div class="t m0 x6d h6 y99 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">each rece<span class="_ _1"></span>ived ACK</div><div class="t m0 x6c hf y9a ff5 fsc fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x6d h6 y9b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Congestion wi<span class="_ _1"></span>ndow incr<span class="_ _1"></span>eases ex<span class="_ _1"></span>ponentially </div><div class="t m0 x6e h6 y9c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ACK</div><div class="t m0 x57 h6 y9d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Segment</div><div class="t m0 x6f h6 y9e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">RTTs</div><div class="t m0 x70 h6 y9f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x70 h6 ya0 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x71 h6 ya1 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x70 h6 ya2 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">8</div><div class="t m0 x5b h6 ya3 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cwnd</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.333333,0.000000,0.000000,1.333333,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
