深空光通信Deep_Space_Optical_Communications_ide_其他

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y4 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y6 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y7 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y8 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y9 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"><span class="_ _0"></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 ya ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 yb ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 yc ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 yd ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">!"#$%%</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 ye ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">!""</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 yf ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Radiometric Tracking Techniques for Deep-Space Navigation</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y10 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">""""&</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y11 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Formulation for Observed and Computed Values of</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y12 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Deep Space Network Data Types for Navigation</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y13 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">"'</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y14 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Bandwidth-E%cient Digital Modulation with<span class="_ _0"></span> Application</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y15 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to Deep-Space Communications</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y16 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">'("</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y17 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Large Antennas of the Deep Space Network</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y18 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">)*"</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y19 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Antenna Arraying techniques in the Deep <span class="_ _0"></span>Space Network</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1a ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">!"+$* '$<span class="_ _0"></span>"</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1b ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Radio Occultations Using Earth Satellites:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1c ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A Wave Theory Treatment</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1d ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">),"'</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1e ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Deep Space Optical Communications</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1f ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">!!</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y22 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y23 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y24 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"></div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y25 ff1 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y26 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y27 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-.//0</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y28 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y29 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">$$</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1**"</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">+2$$</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">$3$$1$</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4,</div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y2e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">$"</div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y2f ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">v</div><div class="t m0 x1 h9 y30 ff4 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Table of Contents</div><div class="t m0 x1 ha y31 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Foreword.....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>...........................xvii</div><div class="t m0 x1 ha y32 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Preface...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..................................xix</div><div class="t m0 x1 ha y33 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Acknowledgments ................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span> xxiii</div><div class="t m0 x1 ha y34 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Contributors......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..................... xxv</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y35 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chapter 1: Introduction <span class="ff6">.....................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............ 1</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y36 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">by James R. Lesh</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y37 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.1 Motivation for Increased Communications <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">.................................... 1</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y38 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.2 History of JPL Optical Communications Activities<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">..................... 5</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y39 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3 Component/Subsystem Technologies<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">...............................<span class="_ _1"></span>.............. 7</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.1 Laser Transmitters ......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................................... 8</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.2 Spacecraft Telescopes...........................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................................ 10</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.3 Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........ 10</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.4 Detectors...............................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........... 12</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.5 Filters .................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............................................ 14</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3f ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.3.6 Error Correction Coding.............................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................................. 14</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y40 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4 Flight Terminal Developments<span class="ff6">.......................................................... 16</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y41 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.1 Optical Transceiver Package (OPTRANSPAC) ......................... 16</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y42 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.2 Optical Communications Demonstrator (OCD) ......................... 17</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y43 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.3 Lasercom Test and Evaluation Station (LTES) .......................... 19</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y44 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.4 X2000 Flight Terminal .........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................ 20</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y45 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.4.5 International Space Station Flight Terminal ............................... 22</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y46 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5 Reception System and Network Studies<span class="ff6">....................................... 23</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y47 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.1 Ground Telescope Cost Model .....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............... 24</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y48 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.2 Deep Space Optical Reception Antenna (DSORA).................... 25</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y49 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.3 Deep Space Relay Satellite System (DSRSS) Studies ............... 26</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.4 Ground-Based Antenna Technology Study (GBATS) ............... 27</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.5 Advanced Communications Benefits Study (ACBS) ................. 28</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.6 Earth Orbit Optical Reception Terminal (EOORT) Study......... 29</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.7 EOORT Hybrid Study ............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>...................... 30</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.8 Spherical Primary Ground Telescope.............................<span class="_ _1"></span>............. 30</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4f ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.5.9 Space-Based versus Ground-Based Reception Trades............... 31</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y50 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.6 Atmospheric Transmission <span class="ff6">............................................................... 34</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y51 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">vi</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y52 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.7 Background Studies<span class="ff6">....................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>......... 36</span></div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 hb y53 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.8 Analysis Tools<span class="ff6">....................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................... 37</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y54 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.9 System-Level Studies <span class="ff6">..................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........ 38</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y55 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.9.1 Venus Radar Mapping (VRM) Mission Study ........................... 38</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y56 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.9.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar-C (SIR-C) Freeflyer ..........................<span class="_ _1"></span> 38</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y57 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.9.3 ER-2 to Ground Study ......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............................ 39</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y58 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.9.4 Thousand Astronomical Unit (TAU) Mission and Interstellar</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y59 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Mission Studies...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.......................................... 40</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y5a ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.10 System-Level Demonstrations <span class="ff6">......................................................... 41</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.10.1 Galileo Optical Experiment (GOPEX) ........................................ <span class="_ _1"></span>41</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.10.2 Compensated Earth–Moon–Earth Retro-Reflector</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y31 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Laser Link (CEMERLL) ..........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................... 43</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y32 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.10.3 Ground/Orbiter Lasercomm Demonstration (GOLD)................ 44</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y33 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.10.4 Ground–Ground Demonstrations.............................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................... 47</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y34 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.11 Other Telecommunication Functions<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">.............................<span class="_ _1"></span>................ 50</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y35 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.11.1 Opto-Metric Navigation .........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>...................... 50</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y36 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.11.2 Light Science......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................................... 51</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y37 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12 The Future<span class="ff6">..............................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................................. 52</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y38 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12.1 Optical Communications Telescope Facility (OCTL) ............... 52</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y39 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12.2 Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV)–Ground Demonstration ........ 52</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12.3 Adaptive Optics ..........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................................. 53</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12.4 Optical Receiver and Dynamic Detector Array .......................... <span class="_ _1"></span>55</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.12.5 Alternate Ground-Reception Systems ........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>. 56</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y3d ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.13 Mars Laser Communication Demonstration<span class="ff6">................................ 57</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y3e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.14 Summary of Following Chapters <span class="ff6">..................................................... 58</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y3f ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References <span class="ff6">.................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.......... 60</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y40 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chapter 2: Link and System Design <span class="ff6">....................................................... 83</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y41 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">by Chien-Chung Chen</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y42 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.1 Overview of Deep-Space Lasercom Link<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">.................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..... 85</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y43 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2 Communications Link Design<span class="ff6">........................................................... 87</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y44 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.1 Link Equation and Receive Signal Power ................................... 89</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y45 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.2 Optical-Receiver Sensitivity .............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........... 91</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y46 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.2.1 Photon Detection Sensitivity....................................... 95</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y47 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.2.2 Modulation Format ...............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....... 95</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y48 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.2.3 Background Noise Control................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.......... 96</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y49 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.3 Link Design Trades..................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..................................... 98</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.3.1 Operating Wavelength...............................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................. 98</div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y5d ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Table of Contents vii</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.3.2 Transmit Power and Size of Transmit and</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Receive Apertures............................<span class="_ _1"></span>............................ 99</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.3.3 Receiver Optical Bandwidth and Field of View</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4f ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">versus Signal Throughput.....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....... 99</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y50 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.3.4 Modulation and Coding...............................<span class="_ _1"></span>.............. 100</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.4 Communications Link Budget ................................................... 100</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y52 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.5 Link Availability Considerations.........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>...... 100</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 hc y53 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.5.1 Short-Term Data Outages..........................<span class="_ _1"></span>................ 101</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y54 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.5.2 Weather-Induced Outages ............................<span class="_ _1"></span>............. 103</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y55 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.5.3 Other Long-Term Outages .................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....... 104</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y56 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.2.5.4 Critical-Mission-Phase Coverage ............................. 106</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y57 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3 Beam Pointing and Tracking<span class="ff6">........................................................... 106</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y58 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.1 Downlink Beam Pointing .............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.............. 107</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y59 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.1.1 Jitter Isolation and Rejection...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.. 107</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.1.2 Precision Beam Pointing and Point Ahead .............. 108</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.2 Uplink Beam Pointing ..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................. 110</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.3.3 Pointing Acquisition ................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................... 111</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y31 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.4 Other Design Drivers and Considerations <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">................................. 113</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y32 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.4.1 System Mass and Power ......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....................... 113</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y33 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.4.2 Impact on Spacecraft Design ..................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................... 114</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y34 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.4.3 Laser Safety................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>... 115</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y35 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.5 Summary <span class="ff6">...........................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..................................... 115</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y36 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References <span class="ff6">.................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........ 118</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y37 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chapter 3: The Atmospheric Channel <span class="ff6">.................................................. 121</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y38 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">by Abhijit Biswas and Sabino Piazzolla</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y39 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1 Cloud Coverage Statistics<span class="ff6">................................................................ 123</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.1 National Climatic Data Center Data Set.................................... 124</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.2 Single-Site and Two-Site Diversity Statistics ........................... 126</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.3 Three-Site Diversity...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................................. 130</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.4 NCDC Analysis Conclusion ............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.......... 135</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.1.5 Cloud Coverage Statistics by Satellite Data Observation ........ 137</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y3f ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2 Atmospheric Transmittance and Sky Radiance <span class="ff6">.<span class="_ _0"></span>...................... 140</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y40 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.1 Atmospheric Transmittance ......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................. 140</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y41 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.2 Molecular Absorption and Scattering.....................<span class="_ _1"></span>................... 141</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y42 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.3 Aerosol Absorption and Scattering............................<span class="_ _1"></span>................ 145</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y43 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.3.1 Atmospheric Attenuation Statistics .......................... 148</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y44 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.4 Sky Radiance....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................................... 151</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y45 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.4.1 Sky Radiance Statistics...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........... 156</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y46 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.2.5 Point Sources of Background Radiation ................................... 159</div><div class="t m0 x1 h8 y5f ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">viii</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y60 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3 Atmospheric Issues on Ground Telescope Site Selection <span class="_ _0"></span>for</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y49 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">an Optical Deep Space Network<span class="ff6">..................................................... 169</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3.1 Optical Deep Space Network..........................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................... 169</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3.2 Data Rate/BER of a Mission......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................ 174</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3.3 Telescope Site Location ..........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................... 174</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.3.4 Network Continuity and Peaks ...................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............... 178</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y4e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4 Laser Propagation Through the Turbulent Atmosphere <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">....... 184</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y4f ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.1 Atmospheric Turbulence ..........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................. 184</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y50 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.2 Atmospheric “Seeing” Effects ................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................... 190</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5e ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.3 Optical Scintillation or Irradiance Fluctuations........................ 198</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y52 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.4.4 Atmospheric Turbulence Induced Angle of Arrival ................. 204</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6272c0a440256a40ce0b3ff2/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 hb y53 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">References <span class="ff6">.................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>..............................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........ 207</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y54 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Chapter 4: Optical Modulation and Coding<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">......................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.. 215</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y55 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">by Samuel J. Dolinar, Jon Hamkins, Bruce E. Moision,</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y56 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and Victor A. Vilnrotter</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y57 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.1 Introduction<span class="ff6">................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................... 215</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y58 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2 Statistical Models for the Detected Optical Field <span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff6">..................... 219</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y59 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1 Quantum Models of the Optical Field ..............................<span class="_ _1"></span>......... 219</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1.1 Quantization of the Electric Field..........................<span class="_ _1"></span>... 220</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1.2 The Coherent State Representation of a</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y5c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Single Field Mode.........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>............. 222</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y31 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1.3 Quantum Representation of Thermal Noise............. 223</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y32 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.1.4 Quantum Representation of Signal Plus</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y33 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Thermal Noise.....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....................... 223</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y34 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2 Statistical Models for Direct Detection ..................................... <span class="_ _1"></span>224</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y35 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2.1 The Poisson Channel Model for Ideal</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y36 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Photodetectors or Ideal PMTs...........................<span class="_ _1"></span>........ 225</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y37 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2.2 The McIntyre–Conradi Model for APD</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y38 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Detectors..................................<span class="_ _1"></span>................................... 226</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y39 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2.3 The Webb, McIntyre, and Conradi</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3a ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Approximation to the McIntyre–Conradi Model ..... 228</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3b ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2.4 The WMC Plus Gaussian Approximation................ 229</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3c ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.2.5 Additive White Gaussian Noise Approximation ..... 229</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3d ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.2.3 Summary of Statistical Models ........................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.......... 231</div><div class="t m0 x1 hb y3e ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3 Modulation Formats <span class="ff6">....................................................................<span class="_ _1"></span>....... 231</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y3f ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3.1 On–Off Keying (OOK)...................<span class="_ _1"></span>............................................ 233</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y40 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3.2 Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) ............................................. <span class="_ _1"></span>234</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y41 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3.3 Differential PPM (DPPM)...............................<span class="_ _1"></span>........................... 235</div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y42 ff6 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4.3.4 Overlapping PPM (OPPM) ....................................<span class="_ _1"></span>.................... 236</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y61 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">!#$</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y62 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"6"0)(7)(8"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".69</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y63 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"6":')("""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".69</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y64 ff1 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">%&% '!(<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="ff2">""""""""""""""".6;</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y65 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"<""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".6=</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y60 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"<"<>?@ """""".5/</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y66 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"<".>?A".5<</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y67 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"<"6>?</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y68 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">>""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".5<</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y69 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"<"5>?B"""""""""""".56</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6a ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5".""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".56</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6b ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"."<"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".55</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6c ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5".".+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".50</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6d ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"6'""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".50</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6e ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"6"<<span class="ff3">M</span>%'1""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".5:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6f ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5"5"6".<span class="ff3">M</span>%'1"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".59</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>