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<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/625da90fbe9ad24cfa89269d/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Networking Protocols and Standards for <span class="_ _0"></span>Internet of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws2">http://www<span class="_ _1"></span>.cse.wustl.ed<span class="_ _1"></span>u/~jain/cse5<span class="_ _1"></span>70<span class="ls0 ws1">-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html<span class="fc0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>1 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Networking Pr<span class="_ _1"></span>otocols and Standards for<span class="_ _1"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y4 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws3">Internet <span class="_ _0"></span>of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="c x2 y5 w2 h4"><div class="t m0 x3 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Tara Salman<span class="ff1"> (A paper written under the guidance of <span class="fc1 ls1 ws2">Prof. Raj Ja<span class="_ _1"></span>in<span class="fc0">) <span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></span></span></span></div></div><div class="c x4 y5 w3 h4"><div class="t m0 x5 h2 y7 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">Download<span class="_ _3"> </span><span class="fs2 fc0"> </span></div></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y8 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Abstract </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">This paper discusses different standards offered by IEEE, IETF and ITU to enable technologies </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">matching the rapid growth in IoT. These standards include communication, routing, network and </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">session layers of the networking stack that are being developed just to meet requirements of IoT. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 yc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">The discussion also inclu<span class="_ _1"></span>des managem<span class="_ _1"></span>ent and security protocols. <span class="_ _1"></span><span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 yd ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Keywords </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 ye ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Internet of Things, IoT Data Link Standards, IoT MAC Standards, IoT Routing Standards, IoT </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Network Standards, IoT Transport Layer Standards, IoT Management Stand<span class="ls2 ws5">ards, IoT challenges </span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y10 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Table of Contents </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y11 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">1. Introduction<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y12 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1 ws0">1.1. Related Work<span class="fc0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y13 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">1.2. IoT Ecosystem<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y14 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">2. IoT Data Link Protocol <span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y15 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.1. IEEE 802.15.4e <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y16 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.2. IEEE 802.11 ah <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y17 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1 ws6">2.3. WirelessHART<span class="fc0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y18 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.4. Z-<span class="ls2 ws4">Wave </span><span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y19 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.5. Bluetooth Low Energy <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1a ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.6. Zigbee Smart Energy <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1b ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.7. DASH7 <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1c ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.8.HomePlug <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1d ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.9. G.9959 <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1e ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.10. LTE-<span class="ls3 ws7">A </span><span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y1f ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.11<span class="ls3 ws7">. LoRaWAN </span><span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y20 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1 ws6">2.12. Weightless <span class="fc0 ws1"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y21 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.13. DECT/ULE <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y22 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">2.14. Summary <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/625da90fbe9ad24cfa89269d/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Networking Protocols and Standards for <span class="_ _0"></span>Internet of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws2">http://www<span class="_ _1"></span>.cse.wustl.ed<span class="_ _1"></span>u/~jain/cse5<span class="_ _1"></span>70<span class="ls0 ws1">-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html<span class="fc0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>2 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">3. Network Layer Routing Protocols<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y24 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">3.1. RPL <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y25 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">3.2. CORPL<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y26 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">3.3. CARP <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y27 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">3.4. Summary <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">4. Network Layer Encapsulation Protocols<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y29 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.1. 6LoWPAN<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y2a ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.2. 6TiSCH <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y2b ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.3. 6Lo <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y2c ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.4. IPv6 over G.9959 <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y2d ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.5. IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y2e ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">4.6. Summary <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">5. Session Layer Protocols<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y30 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.1. MQTT <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y31 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.2. SMQTT <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y32 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.3. AMQP<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y33 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.4. CoAP<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y34 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.5. XMPP<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y35 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.6. DDS<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y36 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">5.7. Summary<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y37 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">6. IoT Management Protocol <span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y38 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">6.1. Interconnection of Heterogeneous Datalink<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y39 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">6.2. Smart Transducer Interface<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y3a ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">7. Security in IoT Protocols <span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y3b ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">7.1. MAC 802.15.4 <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y3c ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">7.2. 6LoWPAN <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y3d ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">7.3. RPL <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y3e ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">7.4. Application Layer <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y3f ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">8. IoT Challenges<span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y40 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.1. Mobility <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y41 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.2. Reliability <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y42 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.3. Scalability <span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y43 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.4. Management<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y44 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.5. Availability<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y45 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff1 fs0 fc1">8.6. Interoperability<span class="fc0"> </span></span></span></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/625da90fbe9ad24cfa89269d/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Networking Protocols and Standards for <span class="_ _0"></span>Internet of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws2">http://www<span class="_ _1"></span>.cse.wustl.ed<span class="_ _1"></span>u/~jain/cse5<span class="_ _1"></span>70<span class="ls0 ws1">-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html<span class="fc0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>3 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">9. Summary<span class="fc0"> </span>List of Acronyms<span class="fc0"> </span><span class="ls2 ws4">References</span><span class="fc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y47 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">1. Introduction </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y48 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Internet of Things (IoT) and its protocols are among the most highly funded topics in both </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y49 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">industry and academia. The rapid evolution of the mobile internet, mini- <span class="ls2 ws4">hardware </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws6">manufacturing, micro<span class="ws1">-computing, and machine to machine (M2M) communication has enab<span class="ls4 ws8">led </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">the IoT technologies. According to Gartner, IoT is currently on the top of their hype-<span class="ls2 ws4">cycle, which </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">implies that a large amount of money is being invested on it by the industry. Billions of dollars </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">are being spent on IoT enabling technologies and resear<span class="ls2 ws4">ch while much m<span class="_ _1"></span>ore is expected to com<span class="_ _1"></span>e </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">in the upcoming years [<span class="fc1 ls1 ws2">Gartner14</span><span class="ls4 ws8">]. </span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">IoT technologies allow things, or devices that are not computers, to act smartly and make </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">collaborative decisions t<span class="_ _1"></span>hat are beneficial to cer<span class="_ _1"></span>tain appl<span class="ls0 ws1">ications. They allow things to hear, see, </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">think or act by allowing them to communicate and coordinate with others in order to make </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y52 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">decisions that can be as critical as saving lives or buildings. They transform "things" from being </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">passively computing and making individual decisions to actively and ubiquitously </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y54 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">communicating and collaborating to make a single critical decision. The underlying technologies </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">of ubiquitous computing, embedded sensors, light communication and internet protocols allow </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y56 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">IoT to provide its significant, however, they impose lots of challenges and introduce the need for </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y57 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">specialized standards and communication protocols. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y58 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">In this paper<span class="_ _1"></span>, we highligh<span class="_ _1"></span>t IoT proto<span class="_ _1"></span>cols that are <span class="_ _1"></span>operating at <span class="_ _1"></span>different la<span class="_ _1"></span>yers of the n<span class="_ _1"></span>etworking </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y59 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">stack, including: M<span class="ls2 ws4">edium Access Control (MAC) layer, n<span class="_ _1"></span>etwork layer and session <span class="_ _1"></span>layer. We </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">present standards protocols offered by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Institute of </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">Electrical an<span class="_ _1"></span>d Electronic<span class="_ _1"></span>s Engineers <span class="_ _1"></span>(IEEE), Inte<span class="_ _1"></span>rnational T<span class="_ _1"></span>elecomm<span class="_ _1"></span>unication Union <span class="_ _1"></span>(ITU) and </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">other standard organizations. These standards were proposed over the past half-<span class="ls2 ws4">decade to meet </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">IoT current and future needs. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">The rest of the paper is o<span class="_ _1"></span>rganized as follows: <span class="fc1 ls0 ws1">Section 2<span class="fc0"> descri<span class="_ _1"></span>bes the first layer of networking </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y5f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">protocols, which is the data link layer and MAC protocols. Following that, <span class="fc1">Section 3</span> <span class="ws0">handles the </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y60 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">network layer routing protocols while <span class="fc1">Section 4</span> presents network layer encapsulation protocols </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y61 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">and Sect<span class="ls0 ws1">ion <span class="fc1">Section 5</span> handles the session layer protocols. <span class="fc1">Section 6</span> </span>briefly summarizes<span class="_ _1"></span> the </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y62 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">management and <span class="fc1 ls2 ws4">Section 7</span> <span class="ls2 ws4">describes securi<span class="_ _1"></span>ty mechanisms in key<span class="_ _1"></span> protocols. <span class="fc1 ls0 ws1">Section 8<span class="fc0"> </span></span>gives </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y63 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">some discussion points about IoT challenges. Finally, <span class="fc1 ws0">Section 9</span> <span class="ls2 ws4">summarizes our discussion and<span class="_ _1"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y64 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">highlights the main points presented. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y65 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws9">1.1. Relate<span class="_ _1"></span>d Works <span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y66 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">There are several survey<span class="_ _1"></span> pa<span class="ls0 ws1">per that handle different aspects of standardization in IoT. Examples </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y67 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">of such surveys include a survey of IETF standards in [<span class="fc1">Sheng13</span><span class="ls1 ws2">], security<span class="_ _1"></span> protocols in<span class="_ _1"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y68 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">[<span class="fc1 ls1 ws2">Granjal15</span>], and application, or transport, layer standards in [<span class="_ _1"></span><span class="fc1">Karagiannis15<span class="fc0">]. Other papers </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y69 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">discuss a specific layer <span class="_ _1"></span>of standardizations such<span class="_ _1"></span> as communication proto<span class="_ _1"></span>cols or routing. Mo<span class="_ _1"></span>st </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">importantly, we recommend [<span class="fc1">Fuaha15</span><span class="ls4 ws8">] to r<span class="ls2 ws4">eaders interested in mo<span class="_ _1"></span>re details. That paper </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">summarizes som<span class="_ _1"></span>e of the most important standard<span class="_ _1"></span>s that are offered by dif<span class="_ _1"></span>ferent standards </div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/625da90fbe9ad24cfa89269d/bg4.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Networking Protocols and Standards for <span class="_ _0"></span>Internet of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws2">http://www<span class="_ _1"></span>.cse.wustl.ed<span class="_ _1"></span>u/~jain/cse5<span class="_ _1"></span>70<span class="ls0 ws1">-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html<span class="fc0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>4 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">organizations. It also provides a discussion of different IoT challenges including mobility, </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">scalability. In this paper,<span class="_ _1"></span> w<span class="ls0 ws1">e aim to provide a comprehensive survey of newly arising standards </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">including some other drafts and protocols that were not discussed in [<span class="fc1">Fuaha15</span>]. This allows us to </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">discuss more standards, <span class="_ _1"></span>add some of the recent st<span class="_ _1"></span>andard drafts offered in IET<span class="_ _1"></span>F, and discuss state </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">of the art protocol that are expected to go for standardization in the future. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y6f ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws9">1.2. IoT Ecos<span class="_ _1"></span>ystem<span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y70 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figure 1<span class="fc0"> <span class="ls2 ws4">shows a 7</span>-layer model of IoT ecosystem. At the bottom layer is the m<span class="_ _1"></span>arket or </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y71 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">application domain, which may be smart grid, connected home, or smart health, etc. The second </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y72 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">layer consists of senso<span class="_ _1"></span>rs that enable the app<span class="_ _1"></span>lication. Exam<span class="_ _1"></span>ples of such sensors are temp<span class="_ _1"></span>erature </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y73 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">sensors, humidity sensors, ele<span class="_ _1"></span>ctric utility meters,<span class="_ _1"></span> or cameras.<span class="ls0 ws1"> <span class="ws0">The third layer consists of </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y74 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">interconnection layer that allows the data generated by sensors to be communicated, usually to a </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y75 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">computing facility, data center, or a cloud. There the data is aggregated with other known data </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y76 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">sets such as geographica<span class="_ _1"></span>l data, po<span class="ls0 ws1">pulation data, or economic data. The combined data is then </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y77 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">analyzed using machine learning and data mining techniques. To enable such large distributed </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y78 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">applications, we also need the latest application level collaboration and communication software, </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y79 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">such as, software defined networking (SDN), services oriented architecture (SOA), etc. Finally, </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y7a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">the top layer consists of servic<span class="_ _1"></span>es that enable the <span class="_ _1"></span>market and m<span class="_ _1"></span>ay include energy managem<span class="_ _1"></span>ent, </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y7b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">health management, education, transportation etc. In addition to these 7 <span class="ls1 ws2">layers tha<span class="_ _1"></span>t are built o<span class="_ _1"></span>n </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y7c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">the top of each other, the<span class="_ _1"></span>re are security and m<span class="_ _1"></span>anagement applications th<span class="_ _1"></span>at are required <span class="_ _1"></span>for each </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y7d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">of the layers and are, therefore, shown on the side. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 y7e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y7f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x9 h2 y80 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">Figure 1: IoT Ecosystem<span class="ff1 ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y81 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">In this paper, we concent<span class="_ _1"></span>rate on the interconnecti<span class="_ _1"></span>on layer. This layer itse<span class="_ _1"></span>lf can be shown in a </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y82 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">multi<span class="ls0 ws1">-<span class="ls2 ws5">layer stac</span>k as shown in <span class="fc1 ws0">Figure 2</span>. We have shown only the datalink, network, and </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y83 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">transport/session layers. <span class="_ _1"></span>The datalink layer co<span class="_ _1"></span>nnects two IoT elem<span class="_ _1"></span>ents which generall<span class="_ _1"></span>y could be </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y84 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">two sensors or the sensor and the gateway device that connects <span class="ls2 ws4">a set of sensors to the In<span class="_ _1"></span>ternet. </span></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/625da90fbe9ad24cfa89269d/bg5.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Networking Protocols and Standards for <span class="_ _0"></span>Internet of Things<span class="ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1 ws2">http://www<span class="_ _1"></span>.cse.wustl.ed<span class="_ _1"></span>u/~jain/cse5<span class="_ _1"></span>70<span class="ls0 ws1">-15/ftp/iot_prot/index.html<span class="fc0"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>5 </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">Often there is a need for <span class="_ _1"></span>multiple sensors to com<span class="_ _1"></span>municate and aggregate <span class="_ _1"></span>information bef<span class="_ _1"></span>ore </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">getting to the Internet. Specialized protocols have been designed for routing among sensors and </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">are part of the routing layer. The <span class="ls2 ws4">session layer protocols en<span class="_ _1"></span>able messaging am<span class="_ _1"></span>ong various </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">elements of the IoT communication subsystem. A number of security and management protocols </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y6e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">have also been developed for IoT as shown in the figure. </div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 y85 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y86 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y87 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">Figure 2: Protocols for IoT<span class="ff1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y88 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">2. IoT Data Link Protocol </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y89 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">In this section, we discus<span class="_ _1"></span>s the datalink layer p<span class="_ _1"></span>rotocol standards. T<span class="_ _1"></span>he discussion includes ph<span class="_ _1"></span>ysical </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y8a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">(PHY) and MAC layer protocols which are combined by most standards. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h6 y8b ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws9">2.1. IEEE 802.<span class="_ _1"></span>15.4<span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y8c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">IEEE 802.15.4 is the most commonly used IoT standard for MAC. It def<span class="ls2 ws4">ines a frame f<span class="_ _1"></span>ormat, </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y8d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">headers including source and destination addresses, and how nodes can communicate with each </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y8e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws2">other. The fr<span class="_ _1"></span>ame form<span class="_ _1"></span>ats used in trad<span class="_ _1"></span>itional netw<span class="_ _1"></span>orks are not <span class="_ _1"></span>suitable fo<span class="_ _1"></span>r low powe<span class="_ _1"></span>r multi<span class="ls0 ws1">-hop </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y8f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">networking in IoT due to their overhead. In 2008, IEEE802.15.4e was created to extend </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y90 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">IEEE802.15.4 and support low power communication. It uses time synchronization and channel </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y91 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">hopping to enable high reliability, low cost and meet IoT communications requirements. Its </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y92 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws4">specific MAC features c<span class="_ _1"></span>an be summarized as fo<span class="_ _1"></span>llows [<span class="fc1 ls0 ws1">802.15.4</span><span class="ls4 ws8">]: <span class="ls0 ws1"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h2 y93 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">•<span class="ff4"> <span class="_ _4"> </span><span class="ff2 fs0 ls1 ws2">Slotframe S<span class="_ _1"></span>tructure:<span class="ff1 ls0 ws1"> IEE<span class="_ _1"></span>E 802.15.4e frame structure is designed for scheduling and </span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y94 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">telling each node what to do. A node can sleep, send, or receive information. In the sleep </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y95 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">mode, the node turns off <span class="ls2 ws4">its radio to save power <span class="_ _1"></span>and stores all messages t<span class="_ _1"></span>hat it needs to </span></div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y96 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">send at the next transmission opportunity. When transmitting, it sends its data and waits </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y97 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">for an acknowledgment. When receiving, the node turns on its radio before the scheduled </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y98 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">receiving time, receives the data, sends an acknowledgement, turn off its radio, delivers </div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y99 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws1">the data to the upper layers and goes back to sleep. </div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
Networking protocols and standards for internet of things
