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<div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6269a8ad0990925c0457bcb6/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">聚类分析方法<span class="ff2">--</span>系统聚类法</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">一、 概述<span class="ff2">........<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>...<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _1"></span>1</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y4 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">二、样品与样品之间的距离<span class="ff2">........<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _2"></span>1</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y5 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">三、类与类之间的距离<span class="ff2">.........<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>.....<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _1"></span>3</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y6 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">四、系统聚类法<span class="ff2">.........<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>.....<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _1"></span>4</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y7 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">五、系统聚类方法的具体步骤：<span class="ff2">.........<span class="_ _0"></span>...<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _2"></span>5</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y8 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">六、<span class="ff2">Matlab<span class="_ _3"> </span></span>软件对系统聚类法的实现（调用函数说明）：<span class="ff2">..<span class="_ _4"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _4"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _4"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _4"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>8</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y9 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">七、几点说明：<span class="ff2">.........<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>...<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _1"></span>14</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">八、上机作业<span class="ff2">.........<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>......<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _0"></span>..<span class="_ _0"></span>.<span class="_ _1"></span>15</span></div></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
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<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6269a8ad0990925c0457bcb6/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws0">一、<span class="_ _0"></span>概述<span class="ff3 sc0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 yc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">聚类<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="_ _0"></span>析<span class="_ _0"></span>是研<span class="_ _0"></span>究<span class="_ _0"></span>对<span class="_ _0"></span>事物<span class="_ _0"></span>进<span class="_ _0"></span>行<span class="_ _0"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _0"></span>一<span class="_ _0"></span>种<span class="_ _0"></span>多元<span class="_ _0"></span>统<span class="_ _0"></span>计<span class="_ _0"></span>方法<span class="_ _0"></span>。<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="_ _0"></span>类问<span class="_ _0"></span>题<span class="_ _0"></span>在<span class="_ _0"></span>科<span class="_ _0"></span>学研</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 yd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">究、<span class="_ _0"></span>生<span class="_ _0"></span>产<span class="_ _0"></span>实践<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>社<span class="_ _0"></span>会生<span class="_ _0"></span>活<span class="_ _0"></span>中<span class="_ _0"></span>到处<span class="_ _0"></span>存<span class="_ _0"></span>在<span class="_ _0"></span>。<span class="_ _0"></span>仅凭<span class="_ _0"></span>经<span class="_ _0"></span>验<span class="_ _0"></span>和专<span class="_ _0"></span>业<span class="_ _0"></span>知<span class="_ _0"></span>识有<span class="_ _0"></span>时<span class="_ _0"></span>不<span class="_ _0"></span>能<span class="_ _0"></span>达到<span class="_ _0"></span>确<span class="_ _0"></span>切</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 ye ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">分类<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _0"></span>目<span class="_ _0"></span>的，<span class="_ _0"></span>于<span class="_ _0"></span>是<span class="_ _0"></span>数学<span class="_ _0"></span>方<span class="_ _0"></span>法<span class="_ _0"></span>就被<span class="_ _0"></span>引<span class="_ _0"></span>进<span class="_ _0"></span>到<span class="_ _0"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>问<span class="_ _0"></span>题<span class="_ _0"></span>中来<span class="_ _0"></span>。<span class="_ _0"></span>聚<span class="_ _0"></span>类分<span class="_ _0"></span>析<span class="_ _0"></span>方<span class="_ _0"></span>法<span class="_ _0"></span>应用<span class="_ _0"></span>相<span class="_ _0"></span>当</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 yf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">广泛<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>已<span class="_ _0"></span>经被<span class="_ _0"></span>广<span class="_ _0"></span>泛<span class="_ _0"></span>用于<span class="_ _0"></span>考<span class="_ _0"></span>古<span class="_ _0"></span>学、<span class="_ _0"></span>地<span class="_ _0"></span>质<span class="_ _0"></span>勘<span class="_ _0"></span>探调<span class="_ _0"></span>查<span class="_ _0"></span>、<span class="_ _0"></span>天气<span class="_ _0"></span>预<span class="_ _0"></span>报<span class="_ _0"></span>、作<span class="_ _0"></span>物<span class="_ _0"></span>品<span class="_ _0"></span>种<span class="_ _0"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>、<span class="_ _0"></span>土</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y10 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">壤分<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>、<span class="_ _0"></span>微生<span class="_ _0"></span>物<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="_ _0"></span>类，<span class="_ _0"></span>就<span class="_ _0"></span>是<span class="_ _0"></span>在经<span class="_ _0"></span>济<span class="_ _0"></span>管<span class="_ _0"></span>理<span class="_ _0"></span>、社<span class="_ _0"></span>会<span class="_ _0"></span>经<span class="_ _0"></span>济统<span class="_ _0"></span>计<span class="_ _0"></span>部<span class="_ _0"></span>门，<span class="_ _0"></span>也<span class="_ _0"></span>用<span class="_ _0"></span>聚<span class="_ _0"></span>类分<span class="_ _0"></span>析<span class="_ _0"></span>法</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y11 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">进行<span class="_ _0"></span>定<span class="_ _0"></span>量<span class="_ _0"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>。<span class="_ _0"></span>聚<span class="_ _0"></span>类分<span class="_ _0"></span>析<span class="_ _0"></span>其<span class="_ _0"></span>中的<span class="_ _4"></span><span class="fc1 sc2">系<span class="_ _0"></span>统<span class="_ _0"></span>聚<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>法<span class="_ _0"></span></span><span class="sc1">讨<span class="_ _0"></span>论的<span class="_ _0"></span>对<span class="_ _0"></span>象<span class="_ _0"></span>是<span class="_ _0"></span>大量<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _0"></span>样<span class="_ _0"></span>品，<span class="_ _0"></span>要<span class="_ _0"></span>求<span class="_ _0"></span>能</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y12 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws0">合理<span class="_ _0"></span>地<span class="_ _0"></span>对<span class="_ _0"></span>所有<span class="_ _0"></span>样<span class="_ _0"></span>品<span class="_ _0"></span>进行<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>，没<span class="_ _0"></span>有<span class="_ _0"></span>任<span class="_ _0"></span>何<span class="_ _0"></span>模式<span class="_ _0"></span>可<span class="_ _0"></span>供<span class="_ _0"></span>参考<span class="_ _0"></span>或<span class="_ _0"></span>依<span class="_ _0"></span>循，<span class="_ _0"></span>即<span class="_ _0"></span>是<span class="_ _0"></span>在<span class="_ _0"></span>没有<span class="_ _0"></span>先<span class="_ _0"></span>验</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y13 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws0">知识的情况下进行的。</div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y14 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如何对事物进行定量分类呢？我们知道，同类事物具有很强的相似性，即同</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y15 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">类事物之间的“距离”应很小，因此我们用<span class="fc1 sc2">距离统计量</span>作为分类依据。</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y16 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">在用<span class="_ _0"></span>系<span class="_ _0"></span>统<span class="_ _0"></span>聚类<span class="_ _0"></span>法<span class="_ _0"></span>解<span class="_ _0"></span>决实<span class="_ _0"></span>际<span class="_ _0"></span>问<span class="_ _0"></span>题时<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>我<span class="_ _0"></span>们<span class="_ _0"></span>总把<span class="_ _0"></span>每<span class="_ _0"></span>个<span class="_ _0"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>对<span class="_ _0"></span>象<span class="_ _0"></span>称为<span class="_ _5"> </span><span class="fc1 sc2">样品<span class="_ _0"></span></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>并<span class="_ _0"></span>根</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y17 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">据对象的性质和分类的目的选定若干<span class="_ _4"></span><span class="fc1 sc2">指标</span>（<span class="fc1 sc2">特征变量</span>），对每个样品测出所有</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y18 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的指<span class="_ _0"></span>标<span class="_ _0"></span>值<span class="_ _0"></span>。将<span class="_ _0"></span>得<span class="_ _0"></span>到<span class="_ _0"></span>的结<span class="_ _0"></span>果<span class="_ _0"></span>列<span class="_ _0"></span>成一<span class="_ _0"></span>个<span class="_ _0"></span>数<span class="_ _0"></span>据<span class="_ _0"></span>矩阵<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>这<span class="_ _0"></span>个样<span class="_ _0"></span>本<span class="_ _0"></span>资<span class="_ _0"></span>料矩<span class="_ _0"></span>阵<span class="_ _0"></span>就<span class="_ _0"></span>是<span class="_ _0"></span>聚类<span class="_ _0"></span>分<span class="_ _0"></span>析</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y19 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的出发点。</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y1a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">一般的，<span class="fc2">分类问题原始数据表格可抽象为：</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y1b ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _6"> </span> <span class="_ _0"></span> <span class="ff1">（</span>1<span class="ff1">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y1c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">其中<span class="_ _7"> </span>为样品数，<span class="_ _8"> </span>为特征变量数</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y1d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="_ _9"> </span>个样品的观测值：<span class="_ _a"> </span>，</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1e ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="_ _b"> </span>个指标（特征变量）的观测值：<span class="_ _c"> </span>，</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws0">二、样品与样品之间的距离</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y20 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">如何<span class="_ _0"></span>对<span class="_ _0"></span>事<span class="_ _0"></span>物进<span class="_ _0"></span>行<span class="_ _0"></span>定<span class="_ _0"></span>量分<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>呢<span class="_ _0"></span>？我<span class="_ _0"></span>们<span class="_ _0"></span>知<span class="_ _0"></span>道<span class="_ _0"></span>，同<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>事<span class="_ _0"></span>物具<span class="_ _0"></span>有<span class="_ _0"></span>很<span class="_ _0"></span>强的<span class="_ _0"></span>相<span class="_ _0"></span>似<span class="_ _0"></span>性<span class="_ _0"></span>，同</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y21 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">类<span class="_ _0"></span>事<span class="_ _0"></span>物<span class="_ _0"></span>之<span class="_ _0"></span>间<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _0"></span>“<span class="_ _4"></span>距离<span class="_ _4"></span>”应<span class="_ _0"></span>该<span class="_ _4"></span>小，<span class="_ _4"></span>因此<span class="_ _0"></span>我<span class="_ _4"></span>们也<span class="_ _0"></span>可<span class="_ _4"></span>以用<span class="_ _5"></span><span class="fc1 sc2">距离<span class="_ _0"></span>统<span class="_ _0"></span>计<span class="_ _0"></span>量<span class="_ _4"></span></span>作<span class="_ _0"></span>为<span class="_ _4"></span>分类<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _4"></span>依据<span class="_ _0"></span>。</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y22 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6269a8ad0990925c0457bcb6/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y23 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">样品间<span class="fc1 sc2">最常用</span>的距离统计量是<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff2">Mink<span class="_ _e"></span>owski<span class="ff1">（闵可夫斯基）距离：</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x5 h4 y24 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _0"></span> <span class="ff1">（</span>2<span class="ff1">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x6 h4 y25 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">为已知的正实数。（<span class="_ _7"> </span>常取<span class="_ _d"> </span><span class="ff2">1<span class="_ _0"></span></span>，<span class="ff2">2</span>，<span class="_ _8"> </span>）</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y26 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _f"> </span>1<span class="ff1">、当<span class="_ _10"> </span>，<span class="fc0">得</span>绝对值距离（‘</span>Cityblock’<span class="ff4 fs2 fc0"> </span>distance<span class="ff1">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y27 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _f"> </span>2<span class="ff1">、当<span class="_ _10"> </span>，<span class="fc0">得</span>欧氏距离</span>(‘euclidean'<span class="ff4 fs2 fc0"> <span class="_ _0"></span></span>distance)</div><div class="t m0 x7 h4 y28 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _f"> </span>3<span class="ff1">、当<span class="_ _11"> </span>，<span class="fc0">得</span>切比雪夫距离</span>(‘Chebychev’<span class="ff4 fs2 fc0"> </span>distance)</div><div class="t m0 x8 h4 y29 ff1 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">注<span class="_ _0"></span>意<span class="_ _0"></span>：<span class="_ _0"></span><span class="fc0">当<span class="_ _12"> </span>个<span class="_ _0"></span>特<span class="_ _0"></span>征<span class="_ _0"></span>变<span class="_ _0"></span>量<span class="_ _0"></span>（<span class="_ _0"></span>指<span class="_ _4"></span>标）<span class="_ _0"></span>观<span class="_ _4"></span>测值<span class="_ _4"></span>具有<span class="_ _0"></span>不<span class="_ _4"></span>同的<span class="_ _0"></span>数<span class="_ _4"></span>量级<span class="_ _4"></span>和不<span class="_ _0"></span>同<span class="_ _4"></span>的测<span class="_ _0"></span>量</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">单位<span class="_ _0"></span>时<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>直接<span class="_ _0"></span>使<span class="_ _0"></span>用<span class="_ _0"></span>上式<span class="_ _0"></span>计<span class="_ _0"></span>算<span class="_ _0"></span>距离<span class="_ _0"></span>常<span class="_ _0"></span>使<span class="_ _0"></span>数<span class="_ _0"></span>值较<span class="_ _0"></span>小<span class="_ _0"></span>的<span class="_ _0"></span>指标<span class="_ _0"></span>失<span class="_ _0"></span>去<span class="_ _0"></span>作用<span class="_ _0"></span>，<span class="_ _0"></span>为<span class="_ _0"></span>提<span class="_ _0"></span>高分<span class="_ _0"></span>类<span class="_ _0"></span>效</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">果，常需对数据进行预处理，常采用的预处理方式有两种：</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2c ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff1">）<span class="_ _1"></span>标准化：<span class="_ _13"> </span>，<span class="_ _14"> </span> <span class="_ _0"></span>（</span>3<span class="ff1">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y2d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">其中<span class="_ _13"> </span>（变量<span class="_ _15"> </span>的样本均值），</div><div class="t m0 x9 h4 y2e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（变量<span class="_ _15"> </span>的样本标准差） </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2f ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff1">）<span class="_ _1"></span>正规化：（极差标准化）：</span></div><div class="t m0 xa h4 y30 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _14"> </span> （<span class="ff2">4</span>）</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y31 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">对原始数据<span class="_ _6"> </span>进行变换<span class="ff5">后记</span>为</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y22 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6269a8ad0990925c0457bcb6/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 xb h8 y32 ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div></div><div class="c x1 y33 w3 h9"><div class="t m0 xc ha y34 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff5">例<span class="ff1">：</span>某年<span class="ff1">我</span>国<span class="ff1">部分</span>省市<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff1">经济效<span class="ff5">益</span>情况</span></span></div><div class="t m0 xc ha y35 ff6 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">•<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff1">用以上几种方法对其<span class="ff5">无<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff1">量<span class="ff5">纲</span>化。</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 xd hb y36 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">95.16</div><div class="t m0 xd hb y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.25</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">5.03</div><div class="t m0 xf hb y39 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">14590</div><div class="t m0 xe hb y3a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.87</div><div class="t m0 xd hb y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">25.01</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y36 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">93.43</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">10.75</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.99</div><div class="t m0 x12 hb y39 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">9708</div><div class="t m0 x11 hb y3a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2.21</div><div class="t m0 x10 hb y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">22.30</div><div class="t m0 x13 hb y36 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">98.42</div><div class="t m0 x13 hb y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">13.88</div><div class="t m0 x14 hb y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">7.55</div><div class="t m0 x15 hb y39 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">15545</div><div class="t m0 x14 hb y3a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.80</div><div class="t m0 x13 hb y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">25.56</div><div class="t m0 x16 hb y36 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">95.72</div><div class="t m0 x17 hb y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.21</div><div class="t m0 x17 hb y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3.35</div><div class="t m0 x18 hb y39 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">10004</div><div class="t m0 x17 hb y3a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.79</div><div class="t m0 x16 hb y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">26.48</div><div class="t m0 x19 hb y36 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">96.01</div><div class="t m0 x19 hb y37 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">14.90</div><div class="t m0 x1a hb y38 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">9.51</div><div class="t m0 x1b hb y39 ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">14830</div><div class="t m0 x1a hb y3a ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1.68</div><div class="t m0 x19 hb y3b ff6 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">28.40</div><div class="t m0 x1c hc y36 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">产品<span class="ff5">销售<span class="_ _e"></span>率<span class="ff1">（<span class="ff6">%</span>）</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1c hc y37 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">资<span class="ff5">金利税<span class="_ _e"></span>率<span class="ff1">（<span class="ff6">%</span>）</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1c hc y38 ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">成本<span class="ff5">利润<span class="_ _e"></span>率<span class="ff1">（<span class="ff6">%</span>）</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1d hc y39 ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">劳动<span class="ff1">生产<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff5">率<span class="ff1">（元<span class="ff6">/</span></span>人<span class="ff1">）</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1e hc y3c ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">流动<span class="ff1">资</span>金周<span class="_ _e"></span>转次<span class="ff1">数（</span>次<span class="ff1">）</span></div><div class="t m0 x1f hc y3b ff5 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">净<span class="ff1">资产</span>率<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff1">（<span class="ff6">%</span>）</span></div><div class="t m0 xe hc y3d ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">广<span class="ff5">东<span class="_ _17"></span>江苏<span class="_ _18"></span><span class="ff1">上<span class="ff5">海<span class="_ _17"></span><span class="ff1">天<span class="ff5">津<span class="_ _17"></span>北京</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x14 hd y3e ff1 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">样品<span class="_ _19"></span>指标</div></div><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc1 ls0 ws0">三、类与类之间的距离</div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y40 ff1 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">类与类之间的距离<span class="fc0">有多种定<span class="ff5">义</span>法（<span class="ff2">8<span class="_ _d"> </span></span>种，具体方法<span class="ff5">略</span>），常用的有：</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y41 ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff1 sc1">）<span class="_ _4"></span><span class="sc0">最<span class="ff5">短</span>距离法： </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y42 ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff1 sc1">）<span class="_ _4"></span><span class="sc0">类<span class="ff5">平</span>均距离法：</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y43 ff7 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="ff1 sc1">）<span class="_ _4"></span></span><span class="ff5">重心<span class="ff1">距离法：<span class="_ _1a"> </span> <span class="sc1">（<span class="_ _1b"> </span>，<span class="_ _1c"> </span>）</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y44 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">其中类<span class="ff5">平</span>均距离法是使用比较广泛，聚类效果较<span class="ff5">好</span>的一种方法。</div></div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y22 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
lingxiaololita-2407484-qfqse9_1618592415
