The Mathematica Book 5ed_edge_ide_其他

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62702702d973ef42a424845b/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62702702d973ef42a424845b/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">STEPHEN WOLFRAM</div><div class="c x2 y2 w2 h3"><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y3 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws0">THE</div><div class="t m1 x4 h5 y4 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws0">BOOK</div><div class="t m1 x5 h6 y4 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws1">TH EDITIONTH EDITION</div></div><div class="t m2 x6 h7 y5 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws2">Published by Wolfram Media</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w3 h8" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w3 h8"><img class="bi x0 y0 w4 h9" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62702702d973ef42a424845b/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x7 ha y6 ff3 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">L</div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y7 ff3 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">A</div><div class="t m0 x9 ha y6 ff3 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">T</div><div class="t m0 xa ha y8 ff3 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">E</div><div class="t m0 xb hc y6 ff3 fs5 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">X ﬁlename: frontmatter.tex 4:20 p.m. July 1, 2003 iv Mathematica Version: 5.0 for Linux (June 15, 2003)</div><div class="t m0 xc hd y9 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Library of Congress Cataloging--in--Publication Data</div><div class="t m0 xc hd ya ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Wolfram, Stephen, 1959 –</div><div class="t m0 xd hd yb ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Mathematica book / Stephen Wolfram. — 5th ed.</div><div class="t m0 xe hd yc ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">p. cm.</div><div class="t m0 xd hd yd ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Includes index.</div><div class="t m0 xd hd ye ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">ISBN 1–57955–022–3 (hardbound).</div><div class="t m0 xd hd yf ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">1. Mathematica (Computer ﬁle) 2. Mathematics—Data processing.</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y10 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">I. Title.</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y11 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">QA76.95.W65 2003</div><div class="t m0 xf hd y12 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">510'.285'5369—dc21 03–53794</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y13 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">CIP</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y14 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Comments on this book will be welcomed at:</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y15 ff5 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">comments@wolfram.com</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y16 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">In publications that refer to the Mathematica</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y17 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">system, please cite this book as:</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y18 ff5 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Stephen Wolfram, The Mathematica Book, 5th ed.</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y19 ff5 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">(Wolfram Media, 2003)</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y1a ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">First and second editions published by Addison--Wesley Publishing Company</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y1b ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">under the title Mathematica: A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer.</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y1c ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Third and fourth editions co--published by Wolfram Media</div><div class="t m0 x10 hf y1d ff7 fs8 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">and Cambridge University Press.</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1e ff5 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Published by Wolfram Media, Inc.</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y1f ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Copyright</div><div class="t m0 x11 h10 y20 ff8 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">ç</div><div class="t m0 x12 he y21 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">c</div><div class="t m0 x13 he y1f ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">1988, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2003 by Wolfram Research, Inc.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y22 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y23 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y24 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Wolfram Research is the holder of the copyright to the Mathematica software system described in this book, including without limitation such aspects of</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y25 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">the system as its code, structure, sequence, organization, “look and feel”, programming language and compilation of command names. Use of the system</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y26 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">unless pursuant to the terms of a license granted by Wolfram Research or as otherwise authorized by law is an infringement of the copyright.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y27 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">The author, Wolfram Research, Inc. and Wolfram Media, Inc. make no representations, express or implied, with respect to this documentation</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y28 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">or the software it describes, including without limitations, any implied warranties of merchantability, interoperability or ﬁtness for a particular</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y29 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">purpose, all of which are expressly disclaimed. Users should be aware that included in the terms and conditions under which Wolfram</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2a ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Research is willing to license Mathematica is a provision that the author, Wolfram Research, Wolfram Media, and their distribution licensees,</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2b ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">distributors and dealers shall in no event be liable for any indirect, incidental or consequential damages, and that liability for direct damages</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2c ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">shall be limited to the amount of the purchase price paid for Mathematica.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2d ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">In addition to the foregoing, users should recognize that all complex software systems and their documentation contain errors and omissions.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2e ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">The author, Wolfram Research and Wolfram Media shall not be responsible under any circumstances for providing information on or</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y2f ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">corrections to errors and omissions discovered at any time in this book or the software it describes, whether or not they are aware of the</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y30 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">errors or omissions. The author, Wolfram Research and Wolfram Media do not recommend the use of the software described in this book for</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y31 ff4 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">applications in which errors or omissions could threaten life, injury or signiﬁcant loss.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y32 ff7 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Mathematica, MathLink and MathSource are registered trademarks of Wolfram Research. J/Link, MathLM, MathReader, .NET/Link, Notebooks and</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y33 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">webMathematica are trademarks of Wolfram Research. All other trademarks used are the property of their respective owners. Mathematica is not associated</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y34 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">with Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. or MathTech, Inc.</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y35 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Printed in the United States of America.</div><div class="t m0 x14 h10 y36 ff9 fs9 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">ç</div><div class="t m0 x15 h11 y37 ffa fs8 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">¥</div><div class="t m0 x16 hd y38 ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Acid--free paper. 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y39 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Author’s website:</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y3a ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">www.stephenwolfram.com</div><div class="t m0 x7 he y3b ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Author’s address:</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y3c ff7 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">email: s.wolfram@wolfram.com</div><div class="t m0 x7 hd y3d ff7 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">mail: c/o Wolfram Research, Inc.</div><div class="t m0 x17 hd y3e ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">100 Trade Center Drive</div><div class="t m0 x17 hd y3f ff5 fs6 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Champaign, IL 61820, USA</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y39 ff4 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Other books by Stephen Wolfram:</div><div class="t m0 x18 h12 y40 ffa fsa fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">·</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y41 ff7 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Cellular Automata and Complexity: Collected Papers (1993)</div><div class="t m0 x18 h12 y42 ffa fsa fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">·</div><div class="t m0 x10 he y43 ff7 fs7 fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">A New Kind of Science (2002)</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62702702d973ef42a424845b/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m2 x19 h13 y44 ffb fsb fc0 sc0 ls5 ws0">www.wolfram.com</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w3 h8" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w3 h8"><img class="bi x0 y0 w4 h9" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62702702d973ef42a424845b/bg5.jpg"><div class="t m2 x1a h14 y45 ffc fsc fc2 sc0 ls6 ws0">vii</div><div class="t m2 x1b h15 y46 ffc fsd fc2 sc0 ls7 ws0">About the Author</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y47 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls8 ws0">Stephen Wolfram is the creator of Mathematica,andawell-</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y48 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsc ws0">known scientist. He is widely regarded as the most important</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y49 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">innovator in technical computing today, as well as one of the</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4a ffd fse fc2 sc0 lse ws0">world’s most original research scientists.</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4b ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsf ws0">Born in London in 1959, he was educated at Eton, Oxford and</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4c ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls10 ws0">Caltech. He published his ﬁrst scientiﬁc paper at the age of ﬁfteen,</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4d ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls11 ws0">and had received his PhD in theoretical physics from Caltech by</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4e ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsc ws0">the age of twenty. Wolfram’s early scientiﬁc work was mainly</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y4f ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">in high--energy physics, quantum ﬁeld theory and cosmology,</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y50 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls12 ws0">and included several now--classic results. Having started to use</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y51 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls13 ws0">computers in 1973, Wolfram rapidly became a leader in the</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y52 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">emerging ﬁeld of scientiﬁc computing, and in 1979 he began</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y53 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls16 ws0">the construction of SMP—the ﬁrst modern computer algebra</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y54 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls15 ws0">system—which he released commercially in 1981.</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y55 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls17 ws0">In recognition of his early work in physics and computing,</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y56 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls18 ws0">Wolfram became in 1981 the youngest recipient of a Mac-</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y57 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">Arthur Prize Fellowship. Late in 1981, Wolfram then set out</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y58 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls14 ws0">on an ambitious new direction in science: to develop a gen-</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y59 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1a ws0">eral theory of complexity in nature. Wolfram’s key idea was</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5a ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1 ws0">to use computer experiments to study the behavior of simple</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5b ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls13 ws0">computer programs known as cellular automata. And in 1982</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5c ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls14 ws0">he made the ﬁrst in a series of startling discoveries about the</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5d ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1b ws0">origins of complexity. The publication of Wolfram’s papers on</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5e ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1c ws0">cellular automata led to a major shift in scientiﬁc thinking, and</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y5f ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">laid the groundwork for a new ﬁeld of science that Wolfram</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y60 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1d ws0">named “complex systems research”.</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y61 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls19 ws0">Through the mid--1980s, Wolfram continued his work on</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y62 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls13 ws0">complexity, discovering a number of fundamental connections</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y63 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsf ws0">between computation and nature, and inventing such con-</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y64 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls13 ws0">cepts as computational irreducibility. Wolfram’s work led to a</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y65 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls19 ws0">wide range of applications—and provided the main scientiﬁc</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y66 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls15 ws0">foundations for the popular movements known as complexity</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y67 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls22 ws0">theory and artiﬁcial life. Wolfram himself used his ideas to</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y68 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsc ws0">develop a new randomness generation system and a new</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y69 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsf ws0">approach to computational ﬂuid dynamics—both of which are</div><div class="t m2 x1b h16 y6a ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsc ws0">now in widespread use.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y6b ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls24 ws0">Following his scientiﬁc work on complex systems research,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y6c ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls18 ws0">Wolfram in 1986 founded the ﬁrst research center and ﬁrst</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y6d ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls16 ws0">journal in the ﬁeld. Then, afterahighly successful career in</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y6e ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls23 ws0">academia—ﬁrst at Caltech, then at the Institute for Advanced</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y6f ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls20 ws0">Study in Princeton, and ﬁnally as Professor of Physics, Math-</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y70 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls26 ws0">ematics and Computer Science at the University of Illinois—</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y71 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls28 ws0">Wolfram launched Wolfram Research, Inc.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y72 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls29 ws0">Wolfram began the development of Mathematica in late 1986.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y73 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls8 ws0">The ﬁrst version of Mathematica was released on June 23,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y74 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">1988, and was immediately hailed as a major advance in com-</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y75 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">puting. In the years that followed, the popularity of Mathe-</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y76 ffe fse fc2 sc0 ls2c ws0">matica grew rapidly, and Wolfram Research became established</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y77 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls18 ws0">as a world leader in the software industry, widely recognized</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y78 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls15 ws0">for excellence in both technology and business. Wolfram has</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y79 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls9 ws0">been president and CEO of Wolfram Research since its incep-</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7a ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls19 ws0">tion, and continues to be personally responsible for the overall</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7b ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls19 ws0">design of its core technology.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7c ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1a ws0">Following the release of Mathematica Version 2 in 1991,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7d ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls29 ws0">Wolfram began to divide his time between Mathematica</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7e ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls30 ws0">development and scientiﬁc research. Building on his work</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y7f ffd fse fc2 sc0 lse ws0">from the mid--1980s, and now with Mathematica as a tool,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y80 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lse ws0">Wolfram made a rapid succession of major new discoveries. By</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y81 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls31 ws0">the mid--1990s his discoveries ledhim to develop a fundamentally</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y82 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls28 ws0">new conceptual framework, which he then spent the remainder</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y83 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lse ws0">of the 1990s applying not only to new kinds of questions, but</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y84 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls20 ws0">also to many existing foundational problems in physics, biology,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y85 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls12 ws0">computer science, mathematics and several other ﬁelds.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y86 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls33 ws0">After more than ten years ofhighly concentrated work,</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y87 ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsc ws0">Wolfram ﬁnally described his achievements in his 1200--page</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y88 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls17 ws0">book ANewKind of Science.Released on May 14, 2002, the</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y89 ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls17 ws0">book was widely acclaimed and immediately became a best-</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8a ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls39 ws0">seller. Its publication has been seen as initiating a paradigm</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8b ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls8 ws0">shift of historic importance in science.</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8c ffd fse fc2 sc0 lsd ws0">In addition to leading WolframResearch to break new ground</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8d ffd fse fc2 sc0 lse ws0">with innovative technology, Wolfram is now developing a</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8e ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1d ws0">series of research and educational initiatives in the science he</div><div class="t m2 x1c h16 y8f ffd fse fc2 sc0 ls1c ws0">has created.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.568627,0.000000,0.000000,1.568627,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>