全球森林生物量数据（FAO 2005年）_database_hive_其他

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62882ea916e0ca7141f08d12/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62882ea916e0ca7141f08d12/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">387</div><div class="t m0 x2 h3 y2 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">www.metla.ﬁ/silvafennica · ISSN 0037-5330</div><div class="t m0 x3 h3 y3 ff2 fs1 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">The Finnish Society of Forest Science · The Finnish Forest Research Institute</div><div class="c x4 y4 w2 h4"><div class="t m0 x5 h5 y5 ff3 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">-6Ê </div></div><div class="t m0 x6 h6 y6 ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Silva Fennica 42(3) research articles</div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y7 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A Global Forest Growing Stock, Biomass </div><div class="t m0 x7 h7 y8 ff4 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and Carbon Map Based on FAO Statistics</div><div class="t m0 x7 h8 y9 ff2 fs6 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Georg E. Kindermann, Ian McCallum, Steffen Fritz and Michael Obersteiner</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 ya ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Kindermann, G.E., McCallum, I., Fritz, S. & Obersteiner, M. 2008. A global forest growing stock, </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yb ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">biomass and carbon map based on FAO statistics. Silva Fennica 42(3): 387–396.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yc ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Currently, information on forest biomass is available from a mixture of sources, including </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yd ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">in-situ measurements, national forest inventories, administrative-level statistics, model outputs </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha ye ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and regional satellite products. These data tend to be regional or national, based on different </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha yf ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">methodologies and not easily accessible. One of the few maps available is the Global Forest </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y10 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Resources Assessment (FRA) produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y11 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">United Nations (FAO 2005) which contains aggregated country-level information about the </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y12 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">growing stock, biomass and carbon stock in forests for 229 countries and territories. This paper </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y13 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">presents a technique to downscale the aggregated results of the FRA2005 from the country </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y14 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">level to a half degree global spatial dataset containing forest growing stock; above/below-</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y15 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ground biomass, dead wood and total forest biomass; and above-ground, below-ground, dead </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y16 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">wood, litter and soil carbon. In all cases, the number of countries providing data is incomplete. </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y17 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">For those countries with missing data, values were estimated using regression equations based </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y18 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">on a downscaling model. The downscaling method is derived using a relationship between </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y19 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">net primary productivity (NPP) and biomass and the relationship between human impact </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1a ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and biomass assuming a decrease in biomass with an increased level of human activity. The </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1b ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">results, presented here, represent one of the ﬁrst attempts to produce a consistent global spatial </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1c ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">database at half degree resolution containing forest growing stock, biomass and carbon stock </div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1d ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">values. All results from the methodology described in this paper are available online at www.</div><div class="t m0 x7 ha y1e ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y1f ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Keywords biomass map, downscaling, regression analysis</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y20 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Addresses International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y21 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">E-mail kinder(at)iiasa.ac.at</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y22 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Received 6 March 2007 Revised 28 January 2008 Accepted 30 January 2008</div><div class="t m0 x7 h9 y23 ff5 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Available at http://www.metla.ﬁ/silvafennica/full/sf42/sf423387.pdf</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.910421,0.000000,0.000000,1.910421,-43.322989,-43.322989]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/62882ea916e0ca7141f08d12/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y24 w3 h0"><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">388</div><div class="t m0 x8 h3 y25 ff2 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Silva Fennica 42(3), 2008 research articles</div></div><div class="t m0 x8 hb y26 ff4 fs7 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1 Introduction</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y27 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Biomass (the quantity of living plant material) is </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y28 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">most abundant in forests. Tropical forests account </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y29 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">for 50% of Earth’s total plant biomass, although </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">they occur on only 13% of the ice-free land area; </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">other forests contribute an additional 30% of </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">global biomass (Chapin et al. 2002). Knowing </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the spatial distribution of forest biomass is impor-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">tant for many reasons, including: calculating the </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y2f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">sources and sinks of carbon that result from con-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y30 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">verting a forest to cleared land (and vice versa); </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y31 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and to enable measurement of change through </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y32 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">time (Houghton 2005). With respect to the Kyoto </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 ya ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Protocol and potential follow up protocols not </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 yb ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">only information on the spatial distribution of </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y33 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">forests is essential, but also its associated bio-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 yc ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">mass. For example, forest biomass may be altered </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 yd ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">without a change in forest area. Many factors act </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 ye ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to alter forest biomass, including selective wood </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 yf ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">harvest, forest fragmentation, ground ﬁres, shift-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y10 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ing cultivation, browsing, grazing and accumula-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">tions of biomass in growing and recovering (or </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">secondary) forests (Houghton 2005).</div><div class="t m0 x9 h2 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Currently, information on forest biomass is </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y14 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">available only from a mixture of sources, includ-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y15 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ing in-situ measurements, national forest invento-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y16 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ries, administrative-level statistics, model outputs </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y17 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and biomass distribution derived from regional </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y18 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">satellite products. These data tend to be regional </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y19 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">or national, based on different methodologies and </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">they are not easily accessible. Although proposals </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">have been made for the use of satellites to address </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the lack of data (Hese et al. 2005), there are cur-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">rently few global spatial forest biomass products </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">available for the earth science community. The </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y34 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">scarcity of those maps reﬂects the diffculty to </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">derive such maps. On a regional level attempts to </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">use satellite data for the extrapolation of ground </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y21 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">measurements have been made (Laporte 2006).</div><div class="t m0 x9 h2 y22 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The currently available maps on global biomass </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y23 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">distribution are either relatively old and are only </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y35 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">available in the form of a general ecosystems map </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y36 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(Olson et al. 2001) or they are outputs of current </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y37 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">global dynamic vegetation models which are still </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y38 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">under development with respect to carbon alloca-</div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y39 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">tion and will need to be improved (Kucharik et </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y3a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">al. 2006). Moreover, these maps tend to reﬂect </div><div class="t m0 x8 h2 y3b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the long term potential, but do not reﬂect the </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y3c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">current status of human induced activities (Hu </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y3d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">et al. 1996). Even though these models are not </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y3e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">calibrated in terms of biomass itself, these models </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y3f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">are already in use to derive these highly important </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y40 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ﬁgures on global biomass emissions (Hoelzemann </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y41 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">et al. 2004).</div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Another map which provides average biomass </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y43 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">values per country is the database of the Global </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y44 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) produced </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y45 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y46 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">United Nations (FAO 2005). This dataset contains </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y47 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">aggregated country-level information about the </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y48 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">growing stock, biomass and carbon stock in for-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y49 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ests for 229 countries and territories. However, </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y4a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">for use in spatially explicit analysis and modeling, </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y4b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">this information is required at a ﬁner level of </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y4c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">detail than country level. In addition, many of the </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y4d ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">countries had diffculties in providing data, creat-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y4e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ing gaps which prevent global analysis.</div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y4f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The growing stock in yield tables is usually </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y50 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">determined by age, stocking degree, yield level </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y51 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and species (Assmann 1970). Shvidenko et al. </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y52 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">(2007) are using NPP to describe the yield level. </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y11 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The stocking degree and the rotation period are </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y12 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">inﬂuenced by human activity. There is a relation-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y13 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ship between NPP and biomass and addition-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y53 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ally a relationship between biomass and human </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y54 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">impact (Keeling and Phillips 2007). By using this </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y55 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">relationship a simple but plausible downscaling </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y56 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">model is developed. Such an approach is feasible </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y57 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">since both NPP as well as human impact are avail-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y58 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">able at least on a half degree resolution.</div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y59 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The technique described here illustrates one </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y5a ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">plausible way of downscaling the aggregated </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y5b ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">results of the FRA2005 from the country level </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y5c ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">to a half degree global spatial dataset contain-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y1e ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ing forest growing stock; above-ground, below-</div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y34 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">ground, dead wood and total forest biomass; and </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y1f ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">aboveground, below-ground, dead wood, litter </div><div class="t m0 xa h2 y20 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and soil carbon.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.910421,0.000000,0.000000,1.910421,-43.322989,-43.322989]}'></div></div>