java算法大全源码包_java_算法_其他

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/base.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/fancy.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/raw.css"><script src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/js/compatibility.min.js"></script><script src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script><script>try{pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({});}catch(e){}</script><title></title></head><body><div id="sidebar" style="display: none"><div id="outline"></div></div><div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/bg1.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engineering Project Management 444</div><div class="t m0 x2 h4 y3 ff1 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Lecture F - SCOPE AND VALUE ENGINEERING</div><div class="t m0 x3 h5 y4 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">INTRODUCTION</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y5 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">To commence, a question, what is the scope of a project? The project </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y6 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">management literature is relatively silent in dealing with scope as a major</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 y7 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">issue. To provide a basis for the discussion, scope as defined is:</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y8 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">"1. End aimed at, purpose, intention</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y9 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> 2. Outlook, purview, sweep or reach or sphere of observation or </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 ya ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">action, tether, extent to which permissible or passible range, </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 yb ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">opportunity, outlet,"</div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yc ff2 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 yd ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Procedures manuals and contract documentation attempts to explicitly </div><div class="t m0 x4 h6 ye ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">define scope.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 yf ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">EARLY SCOPE DEFINITION</div><div class="t m0 x6 h8 y10 ff1 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y11 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The process</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y12 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Early definition requires input from all stakeholders to the project, </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y13 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">marketing, business groups, technical personnel, operations and </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y14 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">management.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y15 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Early scope definition should cover all aspects of the project, albeit </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y16 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">superficially, thus a consistent estimate, schedule and design basis </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y17 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">can be prepared.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y18 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">As a corequisite to this preliminary scope definition, market </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y19 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">evaluation, raw material availability and quantity, project objectives,</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">design and operating philosophies, case studies and </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">configurations, schedules, cost estimates and economic analyses </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">are required all leading to the development of an economic </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">optimum for the project.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">These processes are highly rational, however the process is often </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y1f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">not as simple or as rational as this treatment would suppose. In </div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Page - F.1 -</div></div><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a><a class="l" rel='nofollow' onclick='return false;'><div class="d m1"></div></a></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div></body></html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/bg2.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engineering Project Management 444</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y21 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">many cases the process is more cyclic where new information </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y22 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">leads to the development of a range of options. Even before the </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y23 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">project receives commitment either internal or external factors will </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y24 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">cause a revision to the studies and analyses.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y25 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The Range</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y26 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Overarching Philosophy</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y27 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">An essential element is the project philosophy, a set of broad </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y28 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">based project objectives covering facilities, proposed </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y29 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">execution, organisation, productivity and operability. This </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y2a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">should include:</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y2b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Basic project objective,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y2c ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Cost and Schedule objectives,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y2d ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Design standards for operations,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y2e ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Financial objectives,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y2f ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Maintenance and operation factors,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y30 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Future growth and local involvement,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y31 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Labour requirements both during execution and </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y32 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">operations.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y33 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Scope definition is therefore a tradeoff.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y34 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Technical Definition</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y35 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">This process develops the product. Specifications are </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y36 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">established, targets set and other product characteristics </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y37 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">determined. This process will affect all subsequent design </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y38 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">alternatives. At this stage, both operating and capital cost </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y39 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">effects should be considered and a range of alternatives </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">evaluated.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Page - F.2 -</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/bg3.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engineering Project Management 444</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y21 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Scheduling and Cost Estimates</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Estimates are a function of the design, the costing basis and </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">project execution basis. Estimate accuracy will increase with </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">design development. These early estimates although lacking </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the rigour of detailed estimates provide the base line for </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">further evaluation. They also form the basis of the </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y40 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">commitment decision. An audit trail should be established </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y41 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">from this basis as design proceeds.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y42 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Organisational and Procedural Definition</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y2a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">This is possibly the birth of the project control system. As the</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y43 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">design further refines the requirements of the project, </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y44 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">procedural issues are also defined to allow for improvement </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y45 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">in the project performance. These include:</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y46 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> execution methodology,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y47 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> procurement basis,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y48 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> accounting procedures and functions,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y49 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> governmental relationships and statutory </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y4a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">requirements,</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y4b ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> information requirements and flows,</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y4c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">This process will proceed beyond the early stages.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y4d ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">SCOPE CONTROL:</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y4e ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">SCOPE DEFINITION</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y4f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">What do we have to do and produce to achieve the objectives of </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y50 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the project.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y51 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Control of scope is complicated by the range of objectives on a </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y52 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">project and the perspective of the various stakeholders to the </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y53 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">project.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Page - F.3 -</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/bg4.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engineering Project Management 444</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y21 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Some fundamental control questions arise from this complication:</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y54 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Who is the client?</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y55 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> How do we manage the project to achieve the </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y56 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">client's objectives?</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y57 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> What type of information can and does the client </div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y58 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">wish to allow the client to control the project?</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y59 ff4 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> Will the objectives remain constant over the life of</div><div class="t m0 x9 h6 y5a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the project?</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y5b ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">WHEN CAN SCOPE BE DEFINED</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y5c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The life cycle of a project would suggest that the scope is not static </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y5d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">but evolving. Is it realistic and desirable to expect a single control </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y5e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">system to cover all stages.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y5f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Can scope definition become a constraint on the project, </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y60 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">particularly in the early stages of a project.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y61 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Is the exact definition of scope required for effective execution of </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y62 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">the project, how is the trade-off possible with a spongy scope.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y63 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE SCOPE CONTROL. </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y64 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Effective scope control systems are closely integrated with planning</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y65 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and are flexible, accurate, timely, and objective.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y66 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Integration with planning: </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y67 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">The more explicit and precise the linkage between planning </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y68 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">and control is, the more effective the control system will be.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y69 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Flexibility: </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A control system must be able to accommodate change. </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Unforeseen situations can create havoc with control systems </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">that are not flexible.</div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Page - F.4 -</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/1320158/bg5.jpg"><div class="c x0 y1 w2 h2"><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Engineering Project Management 444</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y21 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Accuracy: </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Inaccurate information can lead to inappropriate managerial </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y3c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">action. </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6d ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Timeliness: </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A control system should provide information as often as </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y6f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">necessary and this is often a function of uncertainty, </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y27 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">instability and risk in the project environment.</div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y70 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Objectivity: </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y71 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">A control system should provide information that is as </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y72 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">objective as possible. But even when the information is </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y73 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">objective, managers need to look beyond the numbers when </div><div class="t m0 x8 h6 y74 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">assessing performance.</div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y75 ff1 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">SCOPE ORGANISATION</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y76 ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">NARRATIVE METHODS</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y77 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Under this system a narrative is provided to describe the scope of </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y78 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">work. Often these narratives form part of a request for funding, </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y79 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">support or tender.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7a ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Associated with this narrative are often specifications that cover </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7b ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">standards for the work. Cost and schedule information is often </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7c ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">included.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7d ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">HIERARCHICAL METHODS</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7e ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">These methods attempt to successively refine the definition of </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y7f ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">scope. They are the most common method of scope organisation.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y80 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">These methods are useful in providing scope checklists and allow </div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y81 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">for detail to grow with the project.</div><div class="t m0 x3 h6 y82 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Other requirements for these systems include:</div><div class="t m0 x7 h3 y20 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Page - F.5 -</div></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611850,0.000000,0.000000,1.611850,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>