<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/base.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/css/fancy.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/12249011/raw.css"><script src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/js/compatibility.min.js"></script><script src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script><script>try{pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({});}catch(e){}</script><title></title></head><body><div id="sidebar" style="display: none"><div id="outline"></div></div><div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/12249011/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff2">43<span class="_"> </span></span>卷<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>第<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff2">3<span class="_"> </span></span>期<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _1"> </span></span>电<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>网<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>技<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>术<span class="ff2 ls2 ws1"> <span class="_ _2"> </span>Vo<span class="_ _3"></span>l<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 4<span class="_ _3"></span>3<span class="_ _3"></span> N<span class="_ _3"></span>o<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 3<span class="_ _3"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2 h2 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2019<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1">年<span class="_ _0"> </span></span>3<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1">月</span><span class="ls3 ws2"> <span class="_ _4"> </span>Power System T<span class="_ _5"></span>echnology <span class="_ _6"> </span>Mar<span class="_ _7"></span>. 2019 </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">文章编号：<span class="ff2">1000-3673<span class="ff1">（</span>2019<span class="ff1">）</span><span class="ls4 ws3">03-0961-12 </span></span>中图分类号：<span class="ff2 ls5 ws4">TM <span class="_ _8"></span>73 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">文献标志码：</span><span class="ls6 ws5">A <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">学科代码：<span class="ff2 ls4">470·40</span><span class="ff4"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x3 h4 y4 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws0">基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案设计综述<span class="ff5 ls0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x4 h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws0">李彬</div><div class="t m0 x5 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x6 h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls9 ws0">，覃秋悦</div><div class="t m0 x7 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x8 h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsa ws0">，祁兵</div><div class="t m0 x9 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 xa h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsa ws0">，孙毅</div><div class="t m0 xb h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 xc h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsb ws0">，李德智</div><div class="t m0 xd h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 xe h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsa ws0">，石坤</div><div class="t m0 xf h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x10 h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsa ws0">，杨斌</div><div class="t m0 x11 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3</div><div class="t m0 x12 h5 y5 ff6 fs2 fc0 sc0 lsb ws0">，奚培锋</div><div class="t m0 x13 h2 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x14 h6 y5 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x15 h7 y7 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">（<span class="ff2">1</span>．华北电力大学<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>电气与电子工程学院，北京市<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>昌平区<span class="ff2 lsc ws6"> 102206</span>；<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x16 h7 y8 ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff7">．需求侧多能互补优化与供需互动技术北京市重点实验室</span>(<span class="ff7">中国电力科学研究院有限公司</span>)<span class="ff7">，</span> </div><div class="t m0 x17 h7 y9 ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">北京市<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>海淀区<span class="ff2 lsc ws7"> 100192</span>；<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x18 h7 ya ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3<span class="ff7">．国网江苏省电力有限公司，江苏省</span> <span class="_"> </span><span class="ff7">南京市</span><span class="lsc ws6"> 210024</span><span class="ff7">；</span> </div><div class="t m0 x5 h7 yb ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4<span class="ff7">．上海市智能电网需求响应重点实验室</span>(<span class="ff7">上海电器科学研究所</span>(<span class="ff7">集团</span>)<span class="ff7">有限公司</span>)<span class="ff7">，</span> </div><div class="t m0 x17 h7 yc ff7 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">上海市<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>普陀区<span class="ff2 lsc ws7"> 200063</span>）<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x19 h7 yd ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1a h8 ye ff4 fs4 fc0 sc0 lsd ws8">Design of Distributed Energy T<span class="_ _9"></span>rad<span class="lse ws9">ing Scheme Based on Blockchain </span></div><div class="t m0 x1b h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsf wsa">LI Bin</div><div class="t m0 x1c h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x1d h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls10 wsb">, QIN Qiuyue</div><div class="t m0 x1e h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x1f h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls11 wsc">, QI Bing</div><div class="t m0 x17 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x20 h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 lsc wsd">, SUN <span class="_ _7"></span>Y<span class="_ _7"></span>i</div><div class="t m0 x21 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x22 h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls12 wse">, LI Dezhi</div><div class="t m0 x23 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x24 h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls13 wsf">, SHI Kun</div><div class="t m0 x25 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">2</div><div class="t m0 x26 h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls14 ws10">, Y<span class="_ _9"></span>ANG <span class="_ _a"></span>Bin</div><div class="t m0 x27 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">3</div><div class="t m0 x28 h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws11">, XI Peifeng</div><div class="t m0 x29 h9 y10 ff2 fs5 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">4</div><div class="t m0 x2a h7 yf ff2 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x1c h2 y11 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2">(1. School of Electric and Electronic <span class="_ _7"></span>Engineer<span class="ws12">ing, North China Electric Power University<span class="_ _7"></span>, <span class="_"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2b h2 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls15 ws13">Changping District, Beijing 102206, Chin<span class="_ _7"></span>a; </div><div class="t m0 x2c h2 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls16 ws14">2. Beijing Key L<span class="_ _7"></span>aboratory of Demand Side Multi-ener<span class="_ _7"></span>gy Carriers Optimization an<span class="_ _7"></span>d Interaction T<span class="_ _5"></span>echnique </div><div class="t m0 x2d h2 y14 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws15"> <span class="_"> </span>(China Electric Power Research Institut<span class="_ _7"></span>e<span class="ws16">), Haidian District, Beijing 100192, China; <span class="_ _0"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1c h2 y15 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws17">3. State Grid Jiangsu Electr<span class="ls4 ws18">ic Power Company<span class="_ _5"></span>, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu Province, China; <span class="_"> </span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x2e h2 y16 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 lse ws12">4. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sm<span class="_ _7"></span>art Grid Demand Response (S<span class="ls18 ws19">hanghai Electrical <span class="_ _7"></span>Apparatus Re<span class="ls4 ws18">search Institute (Group) <span class="_"> </span> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x2f h2 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls19 ws16">Co., Ltd.), Putuo District, Shanghai 200063<span class="_ _7"></span>, China)</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y18 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1a ws0">ABSTRACT</div><div class="t m0 x30 ha y19 ff4 fs6 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1</div><div class="t m0 x30 h3 y1a ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">:<span class="ff2 ls16 ws1a"> Distributed new<span class="_ _7"></span> energy (DNE) has become<span class="_ _7"></span> an </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1b ws1b">important part of ener<span class="_ _7"></span>gy trading market. In ord<span class="_ _7"></span>er to increase </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1b ws1c">energ<span class="_ _7"></span>y<span class="_ _a"></span> effi<span class="_ _7"></span>ciency and expand<span class="lse ws1d"> local consumption through </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws1e">multiple channels, DNE is l<span class="_ _7"></span>egally qualified to sell electri<span class="_ _7"></span>city </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1d ws1f">nearby<span class="_ _5"></span>. Its production and consumption structure are centerless </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws20">and multi-nodal. Due to the centralized featur<span class="_ _7"></span>es of existing </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1e ws21">energ<span class="_ _7"></span>y operation models, it is difficult<span class="_ _7"></span> to apply them to manage<span class="_ _7"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y21 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws3">DNE directly<span class="_ _7"></span>. Blockchain tech<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ls15 ws22">nology has the advantages of </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y22 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1e ws23">traceability<span class="_ _5"></span>, transaction disclosu<span class="_ _7"></span>re and data transparenc<span class="_ _7"></span>y<span class="_ _7"></span>, and </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y23 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws24">its decentraliz<span class="_ _7"></span>ed features coincide with DNE. This<span class="_ _7"></span> paper </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y24 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws25">proposes a blockchain-based distributed<span class="_ _7"></span> energy (BBDE) </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y25 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws26">trading scheme, analyzes exis<span class="ls5 ws27">ting methods and disadvan<span class="_ _7"></span>tages </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y26 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 lse ws28">of DNE trading, and studies <span class="ls0 ws29">applicability of blockchain </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y27 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws2a">technology in DNE transactions. Based on<span class="_ _7"></span> continuous double </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y28 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1f ws2b">auction (CDA), competitiv<span class="_ _7"></span>e equilibrium price (CEP) and node<span class="_ _7"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y29 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls16 ws2c">reputation value (NR<span class="_ _9"></span>V), a BBDE settlement mechanism<span class="_ _7"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2a ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 lse ws2d">supporting P2P<span class="_ _7"></span> transactions is established. Th<span class="_ _7"></span>is paper </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2b ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls15 ws2e">formulates a BBDE payment <span class="_ _7"></span>model complying with China's </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2c ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls5 ws2f">policies, proposes a trading<span class="_ _7"></span> solution including system </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2d ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls20 ws30">architecture and transac<span class="_ _7"></span>tion flow<span class="_ _7"></span>, compares the p<span class="_ _7"></span>erformance of </div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2e ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls15 ws31">traditional power trading s<span class="_ _7"></span>y<span class="_ _a"></span>stem<span class="ls5 ws32">s and blockchain<span class="_ _7"></span>-based trading </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y2f ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws33">systems, considers how to improve current blockchain </div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y30 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> <span class="_ _b"></span> <span class="_ _9"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x31 hb y31 ff3 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls21 ws0">基金项目<span class="ff1">：国家电网公司科技项目“开放市场环境下智能用电新</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y32 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">业务运营服务关键技术研究与验证”<span class="ff2 ls22">(SGZJ0000KXJ<span class="_ _a"></span>S1800310)<span class="_ _a"></span></span>。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x31 hc y33 ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls23 ws34">Project Suppor<span class="_ _7"></span>ted by Science and T<span class="_ _5"></span>echnology Foundatio<span class="_ _7"></span>n of SGCC </div><div class="t m0 x1 hc y34 ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls22 ws0">(SGZJ0000KXJ<span class="_ _a"></span>S1800310). </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1a ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls24 ws35">deficiencies, and looks forw<span class="ls25 ws36">ard how to realize extended<span class="_ _7"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1b ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws37">development of traditional power trading<span class="_ _7"></span> market to DNE </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1c ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws38">trading. Finally<span class="_ _5"></span>, aiming at the challenge of blockchain </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1d ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls26 ws39">technology in pr<span class="_ _7"></span>ocess of entity applic<span class="_ _7"></span>ation, this paper anal<span class="_ _7"></span>yzes </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1e ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls15 ws3a">the conflicts an<span class="_ _7"></span>d problems existing in current c<span class="_ _7"></span>ombination of </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y1f ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws3b">electricity market and blockchain technolog<span class="_ _7"></span>y<span class="_ _7"></span>, and puts forward </div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y20 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls4 ws18">corresponding suggestions. </div><div class="t m0 x32 h3 y35 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls27 ws3c">KEY<span class="_ _7"></span> WORDS:<span class="ff2 ls19 ws3d"> blockchain; distributed energy <span class="_ _7"></span>trading; energy </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y36 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls28 ws3e">P2P<span class="_ _7"></span> transaction; settlement mech<span class="_ _7"></span>anism; electricity market </div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y37 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">摘要：<span class="_ _c"></span><span class="ff1">以绿色新能源为主体的分布式能源成为能源交易市场</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y38 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">中的重要组成部分，<span class="_ _d"></span>为了提高能源利用率、<span class="_ _d"></span>多渠道扩展分布</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y39 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">式能源本地消纳，<span class="_ _d"></span>分布式能源获得合法就近售电资质，<span class="_ _d"></span>其能</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y3a ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">源生产和消费结构呈无中心、<span class="_ _d"></span>多节点状。<span class="_ _d"></span>现有能源运营模式</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y3b ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">由于具有集中式管理的特点，难以简单套用于分布式能源。</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y3c ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">区块链技术具有可追溯性、<span class="_ _9"></span>交易公开、<span class="_ _9"></span>数据透明的优势，<span class="_ _e"></span>其</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y3d ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">分散化特性与分布式能源无中心特点相符合，<span class="_ _c"></span>故提出一种基</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y3e ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">于区块链的分布式能源交易方案。<span class="_ _c"></span>分析现有分布式能源交易</div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y3f ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">的方式及其弊端，研究区块链技术对于分布式能源<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff2 ls29">P2P<span class="_ _f"> </span></span>交</div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y40 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls2a ws0">易的适用性，在连续双边拍卖<span class="ff2 ls2b ws3f">(continuous double au<span class="_ _7"></span>ction<span class="_ _a"></span><span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y41 ff2 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls2c ws0">CDA)<span class="ff1 ls0">、竞争均衡价格<span class="ff2 ws40">(competitive equilibrium price</span>，</span><span class="ls2d">CEP)<span class="ff1 ls0">、</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h2 y42 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">节点信誉值等基础上确立支撑分布式能源<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff2 ls29">P2P<span class="_ _f"> </span></span>交易的分布</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y43 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">式能源结算机制，<span class="_ _c"></span>制定符合中国政策的分布式能源区块链支</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y44 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">付模式，<span class="_ _d"></span>提出包括系统架构、<span class="_ _d"></span>交易流程在内的基于区块链技</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y45 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">术的分布式能源交易方案，<span class="_ _c"></span>对比传统电力交易系统和基于区</div><div class="t m0 x32 hd y46 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">块链的分布式能源交易系统的性能，<span class="_ _c"></span>思考如何改进目前区块</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div></body></html>
<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/12249011/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y47 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">962 <span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1">李彬等：基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案设计综述</span><span class="ls2 ws1"> <span class="_ _11"> </span>Vo<span class="_ _3"></span>l<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 4<span class="_ _3"></span>3<span class="_ _3"></span> N<span class="_ _3"></span>o<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 3<span class="_ _3"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y48 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">链的不足之处并展望能源市场未来，<span class="_ _c"></span>实现传统电力交易市场</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y49 ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">向分布式能源交易的延伸性发展。<span class="_ _d"></span>最后，<span class="_ _d"></span>针对区块链技术在</div><div class="t m0 x1 hd y4a ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls2e ws0">实体应用过程中的挑战分析<span class="_ _7"></span>目前电力市场与区块链技术结</div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4b ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">合所存在的冲突及问题，并提出相应的建议方案。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4c ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">关键词：<span class="ff1">区块链；分布式能源交易；能源<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff2 ls29">P2P<span class="_ _f"> </span></span>交易；结算</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y4d ff1 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">机制；电力交易市场<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y4e ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">DOI<span class="ff3 sc1">：</span><span class="ls3">10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2018.1<span class="_ _7"></span>158 </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 he y4f ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f ws41">0 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">引言<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 y50 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls30 ws0">2017<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff1 ls31">年是区块链行业的“问道”之<span class="_ _7"></span>年，<span class="ff2 lsc">20<span class="_ _a"></span>18</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y51 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">年将成为区块链应用落地之年，<span class="_ _5"></span>区块链技术逐渐获</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y52 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">得人们正视和认可，<span class="_ _13"></span>“区块链<span class="ff2">+</span>”<span class="_ _7"></span>将成为热潮。<span class="_ _7"></span>截止</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y53 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">到<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 lsc">2017<span class="_"> </span></span>年<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">5<span class="_"> </span></span>月，<span class="_ _8"></span>国外<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls14">IT<span class="_"> </span></span>巨头如<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">IBM</span>、<span class="_ _8"></span>谷歌、<span class="_ _8"></span>微软、</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y54 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">亚马逊等都明确提供区块链即时服务功能。<span class="_ _15"></span><span class="ff2 lsc">2017<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">年</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y55 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls30 ws0">12<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">月<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>23<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">日，中国支付清算协会在北京举办的“区</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y56 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">块链发展应用业务研讨会”<span class="_ _7"></span>提出，区块链构建了一</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y57 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">种新型的经济互信机制，<span class="_ _5"></span>传统市场的基础架构可通</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y58 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">过重构以大幅提高交易及清算效率。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 y59 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls30 ws0">2017<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">年<span class="_ _14"> </span></span><span class="lsc">10<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">月<span class="_ _14"> </span></span>31<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">日，<span class="_ _8"></span>国家发改委、<span class="_ _8"></span>能源局正式</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y5a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">下发关于<span class="_ _d"></span>《关于开展分布式发电市场化交易试点的</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y5b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls32 ws0">通知》<span class="_ _17"></span>，分布式能源在被<span class="_ _7"></span>动接受调度指令管理多年</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y5c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">之后，<span class="_ _9"></span>可以主动参与市场交易，<span class="_ _5"></span>在满足相关技术条</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y5d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">件下，在<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2 lsc ws7">110 kV<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>电压等级之内可以选择就近销售</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y5e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">电量，<span class="_ _c"></span>并获得合法的售电资质，<span class="_ _c"></span>集发电售电于一体。</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y5f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">在我国电力市场逐步开放的政策条件下，<span class="_ _d"></span>电网企业、</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y60 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">分布式售电商、<span class="_ _9"></span>服务公司、<span class="_ _5"></span>第三方机构等电力交易</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y61 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">实体在购销电力流程中发挥着重要作用，<span class="_ _d"></span>未来的能</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y62 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">源交易方式将发生巨大变化</div><div class="t m0 x34 h9 y63 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls33 ws0">[1]</div><div class="t m0 x35 h7 y64 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 y65 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls30 ws0">2018<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">年<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff2">5<span class="_ _19"> </span></span>月工信部发布的《</span>2018<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">中国区块链</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y66 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">产业白皮书》<span class="_ _5"></span>表明目前我国区块链产业链条已经形</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y67 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">成，<span class="_ _5"></span>区块链有望成为实现能源互联网基础设施的重</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y68 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">要手段。区块链<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff2 ls30">3.0<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>作为应用落地时代，其理念已</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y69 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">超越了数字货币、<span class="_ _7"></span>智能合约领域，可作为复杂能源</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">交易合同的重要支撑技术。<span class="_ _8"></span>文献<span class="ff2 ls34">[2]<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff1 ls0">中研究了在能源</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y6b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">互联网的大环境中，<span class="_ _5"></span>区块链节点作为第三方机构的</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">能源交易；<span class="_ _8"></span>文献<span class="ff2 ls34">[3]<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff1 ls0">研究了以智能合约的形式存储电</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y6d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">力交易信息且自动执行资金转移的电力交易方案；</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls35 ws0">文献<span class="ff2 ls36">[4]<span class="_ _a"></span></span>构建了基于区块链的能源互联网安全共享</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y6f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">网络体系；<span class="_ _8"></span>文献<span class="ff2 ls34">[5]<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff1 ls0">研究了能源互联网中基于区块链</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y70 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">的电力交易和阻塞管理方法。<span class="_ _7"></span>目前来说，能源在中</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y71 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">国是特殊商品，<span class="_ _7"></span>电力交易并不是普通商品交易。故</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y72 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">本文在已有的研究基础上，<span class="_ _5"></span>设想了将分布式能源接</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y73 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">入与区块链技术记账加以结合，<span class="_ _5"></span>致力于实现每个用</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y74 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">户都可以投资购买能源、<span class="_ _7"></span>实时管理已购能源、自行</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y75 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">直接出售多余已购能源，<span class="_ _5"></span>进而实现从能源消费者到</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y76 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">能源供应者的转变。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 he y77 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f ws41">1 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">区块链技术在分布式能源<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff5 ls37">P2P<span class="_ _f"> </span></span>交易领域</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 he y78 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">的应用<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y79 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws42">1.1 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">区块链技术在分布式能源<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff5 ls39">P2P<span class="_ _18"> </span></span>交易领域的适</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y7a ff3 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">用性分析<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y7b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">区块链作为一种去中心化的分布式共享账本，</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y7c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">通过邻区块首尾哈希值单向连接实现链式存储</div><div class="t m0 x37 h9 y7d ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls3b ws0">[6]</div><div class="t m0 x38 hf y7e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y7f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">区块链各节点都拥有完整账本的副本，<span class="_ _5"></span>任何节点均</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y80 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">可实时查看和校对交易数据，<span class="_ _5"></span>分布式存储的优势不</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y81 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">仅在于交易公开化以有效维护数据安全</div><div class="t m0 x2a h9 y82 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls3b ws0">[7]</div><div class="t m0 x39 hf y83 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">，而且也</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y84 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">降低了用于购买服务器的成本。<span class="_ _5"></span>所有分布式能源交</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y85 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">易数据都将存储在区块体上，<span class="_ _5"></span>哈希算法自动生成存</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y86 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">储交易数据哈希值的默尔克树<span class="ff2 ls3c ws43">(Merkle tree)</span></div><div class="t m0 x3a h9 y87 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls3d ws0">[8]</div><div class="t m0 x3b hf y88 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3e ws0">。包<span class="_ _1a"></span>含</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y89 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">默尔克树的区块链结构如图<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">1<span class="_"> </span></span>所示，<span class="_ _5"></span>由图可知若交</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y8a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">易数据被恶意篡改，相应默尔克树根哈希值将<span class="_ _a"></span>改<span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff2 ls0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y8b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">变</div><div class="t m0 x3c h9 y8c ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls33 ws0">[9]</div><div class="t m0 x3d hf y8d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">。分布式能源交易信息利用区块<span class="_ _a"></span>链的默尔克树</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y8e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">存储，<span class="_ _7"></span>使每一笔交易都可被追溯，防止交易过程出</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y8f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">现“赖账”<span class="_ _17"></span>、<span class="_ _17"></span>“假账”等问题</div><div class="t m0 x3e h9 y90 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[10]</div><div class="t m0 x3f h7 y91 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x40 h7 y92 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x41 h3 y93 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">图<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff4">1<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span></span>默尔克树的区块链结构<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x42 h3 y94 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls41 ws44">Fig. 1 <span class="_"> </span> <span class="_"> </span>Blockc<span class="_ _7"></span>hain structure o<span class="_ _7"></span>f Merkle tree<span class="_ _7"></span> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y95 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">运用区块链技术，<span class="_ _5"></span>对分布式能源交易过程中各</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y96 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">节点进行身份脱敏处理，<span class="_ _5"></span>匿名交易和数据无缓存特</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y97 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">征为<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls42">P2P<span class="_"> </span></span>交易和双向互动提供重要保障。<span class="_ _d"></span>非中心化</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y98 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">的验证交易过程脱离如政府机构、<span class="_ _5"></span>银行组织等的中</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y99 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">央权利系统</div><div class="t m0 x43 h9 y9a ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls33 ws0">[1<span class="_ _7"></span>1]</div><div class="t m0 x44 hf y9b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _d"></span>因此基于区块链的分布式能源交易</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y9c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">系统能实现利益即时结算、<span class="_ _1b"></span>补贴即时发放，<span class="_ _1b"></span>同时<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls43">P2P</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y9d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">直接交易也大大减少了所需的中间手续费</div><div class="t m0 x45 h9 y9e ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[12]</div><div class="t m0 x3b h7 y9f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya0 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws42">1.2 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">目前分布式能源交易方式规则分析<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf ya1 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">分布式能源作为一种综合能源利用系统，<span class="_ _5"></span>将以</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya2 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">天然气为主的一次能源与以冷热电联产为主的<span class="_ _a"></span>二</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya3 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">次能源相结合，<span class="_ _5"></span>并得到公用能源供应系统的支持和</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya4 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">补充，实现能源梯形利用</div><div class="t m0 x46 h9 ya5 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls44 ws0">[13]</div><div class="t m0 x47 hf ya6 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。分布式能源的资源、</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">环境效益最高，我国电力系统需要利用分布式<span class="_ _a"></span>能</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf ya8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">源，逐步逐地进行能源替换</div><div class="t m0 x3e h9 ya9 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[14]</div><div class="t m0 x3f h7 yaa ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf yab ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">目前分布式能源交易过程中由于信息不透明、</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yac ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">规则不公开、<span class="_ _5"></span>补贴不及时造成的信任问题愈加得到</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/12249011/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y47 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">第<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff2">43<span class="_"> </span></span>卷<span class="ff2"> <span class="_"> </span></span>第<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff2">3<span class="_"> </span></span>期<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _1"> </span></span>电<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>网<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>技<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>术<span class="ff2 ws45"> 963 </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yad ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">重视</div><div class="t m0 x33 h9 yae ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[15]</div><div class="t m0 x3 hf yad ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="_ _9"></span>例<span class="_ _a"></span>如，<span class="_ _9"></span>部分能源服务商或负荷聚合商在预</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yaf ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">先掌握国家补贴发放政策信息之后，<span class="_ _5"></span>伪造信息骗取</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yb0 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">补贴；<span class="_ _5"></span>用户伪造自身的交易和用电数据骗取高额补</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yb1 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">贴；<span class="_ _5"></span>电力市场交易中由于电力损耗造成的成交量与</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yb2 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">实际接收量不符等</div><div class="t m0 x15 h9 yb3 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[16]</div><div class="t m0 x48 hf yb4 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="_ _7"></span>具有分权化、<span class="_ _5"></span>可追溯、<span class="_ _7"></span>交易</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yb5 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">透明、<span class="_ _5"></span>不可篡改等特性的区块链技术可解决上述信</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yb6 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">任问题</div><div class="t m0 x3 h9 yb7 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[17]</div><div class="t m0 x49 hf yb8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _d"></span>故本文研究基于区块链的分布式能源交</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yb9 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls45 ws0">易方案，为优化分布式能源交易系统提供新的<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff2 ls0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yba ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">思路。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf ybb ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws42">1.3 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">对国内外能源区块链项目的分析<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 ybc ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls46 ws0">Yu<span class="_ _3"></span>s<span class="_ _3"></span>o<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">和<span class="_ _1c"> </span></span><span class="ls47 ws46">Priogen Trading<span class="_ _1a"></span></span><span class="ff1 ls0">公司借助第三方通讯软</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ybd ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">件<span class="_ _f"> </span><span class="ff2 lsf">Enerchain<span class="_ _1d"> </span></span>作为交易工具，支持买卖双方匿名发</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf ybe ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">送和查看订单信息，<span class="_ _9"></span>交易过程无第三方介入</div><div class="t m0 x4a h9 ybf ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[18]</div><div class="t m0 x4b hf yc0 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls48 ws0">。该</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc1 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">项目通过集中所有交易数据，<span class="_ _5"></span>使任意参与方均可获</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc2 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">得统一的信息并使用记录中的价格数据。<span class="_ _5"></span>但若考虑</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc3 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">引入中国能源区块链市场，<span class="_ _5"></span>该项目由于没有解决批</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc4 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">发能源交易中的扩容性问题，<span class="_ _5"></span>故可能无法支撑现有</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yc5 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">市场的交易量。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 yc6 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls49 ws0">美国能源公司<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ff2 ls4a">LO3<span class="_ _1f"> </span></span>和比特币开发公司</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yc7 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws47">Consensus Systems<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ff1 ls4b ws0">合作建立的分布式光伏售电区</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yc8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">块链平台<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ff2 lsf ws48">T<span class="_ _7"></span>ransactive Grid<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">开发了全球第一个能源</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yc9 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">区块链市场</div><div class="t m0 x4c h9 yca ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[19]</div><div class="t m0 x4d hf ycb ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _9"></span>通过将区<span class="_ _a"></span>块链技术与微网结合，<span class="_ _9"></span>使</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ycc ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">用户有权将过剩光伏发电回馈至电网。<span class="_ _8"></span><span class="ff2 ls4c">Energo<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">项目</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ycd ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4d ws0">通过打造分布式能源自主社区<span class="ff2 ls4e">(decentralized </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yce ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4f ws49">autonomous ener<span class="_ _7"></span>gy community<span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff2 ls50">DAE)<span class="ff1 ls0">的去中心化系</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ycf ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">统、建立基于<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2">Qtu<span class="_ _a"></span>m<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>量子链的自动能源交易平台、</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yd0 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">借助数字货币<span class="_ _1e"> </span><span class="ff2 ls10">TSL<span class="_ _12"> </span></span>实现微网的<span class="_ _a"></span>清洁能源计量、登</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yd1 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">记、<span class="_ _9"></span>管理、<span class="_ _5"></span>交易与结算</div><div class="t m0 x4e h9 yd2 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[20]</div><div class="t m0 x4f h7 yd3 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="_ _9"></span><span class="ff2 ls51">Energo<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">项目虽然由中国</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yd4 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">本土企业<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls52">Ener<span class="_ _7"></span>golabs<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">创办，<span class="_ _7"></span>但是由于现在中国的能</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yd5 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">源行业基本上被巨头垄断，<span class="_ _5"></span>而且整个能源市场非常</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yd6 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">饱和，因此该企业的布局重心在东南亚市场。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x33 h7 yd7 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls30 ws0">2017<span class="_ _12"> </span><span class="ff1 ls4b">年国内分布式能源的代表性应<span class="_ _a"></span>用是远景</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yd8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">能源项目。<span class="_ _5"></span>远景能源的阿波罗光伏云平台主要提供</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yd9 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">气象资源评估、设备采购、<span class="_ _7"></span>在线运行监测、光伏运</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf yda ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">维以及大数据分析等服务，<span class="_ _7"></span>但整体看，平台产品的</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf ydb ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">功能较为单一、<span class="_ _7"></span>智能化水平不高、产业链协同性不</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ydc ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">强，同时存在<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">4<span class="_"> </span></span>点发展痛点，即融资难、选型难、</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf ydd ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">结算难、<span class="_ _7"></span>运维难。分布式能源交易系统应针对以上</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 yde ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">项目缺陷<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">4<span class="_"> </span></span>个难点，<span class="_ _5"></span>充分利用区块链平台透明管理</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 ydf ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">和数据的可溯源优势提出解决方案。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 he ye0 ff5 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls2f ws4a">2 <span class="ff3 ls53 ws0">基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案技术</span></div><div class="t m0 x1 he ye1 ff3 fs4 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">机制设计<span class="ff5"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf ye2 ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws42">2.1 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">互联共识机制<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x33 hf ye3 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls54 ws0">互联共识是区块链技术在去中心化的环境下</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yad ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">最核心的问题。<span class="_ _7"></span>在目前的研究内容中，共识算法主</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yaf ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls2a ws0">要有工作量证明<span class="ff2 ls55 ws4b">(proof of work<span class="_ _a"></span></span><span class="ls0">，<span class="ff2 ls55">PoW)</span></span>、股<span class="_ _a"></span>权证明</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yb0 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 lsf wsa">(proof of stake<span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _20"></span><span class="ff2 ls10">PoS)<span class="ff1 ls0">、<span class="_ _20"></span>委任权益证明<span class="ff2 ls11 ws4c">(delegated proof </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yb1 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls11 wsc">of stake<span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _21"></span><span class="ff2 ls56">DPoS)<span class="ff1 ls0">、<span class="_ _21"></span>实用拜占庭算法<span class="ff2 ls19 ws4d">(practical byzantine </span></span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yb2 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 lsc ws4e">fault tole<span class="_ _a"></span>rance<span class="_ _1c"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _1a"> </span><span class="ff2 ls57">PBFT)<span class="_ _1c"> </span></span><span class="ls58">、授权拜占庭容错算法</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 ye4 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls4e ws4f">(delegated byzantine fault<span class="_ _7"></span> tolerance<span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _20"></span><span class="ff2 ls59">DBFT)<span class="ff1 ls0">和高性能</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 ye5 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">共识算法<span class="ff2 ls4f ws50">(robust byzantine fault tolera<span class="_ _7"></span>nce<span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff2 ls5a">RBFT</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x50 h9 yb7 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls5b ws0">[21]</div><div class="t m0 x51 hf yb8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yb9 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">表<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">1<span class="_"> </span></span>是对<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">5<span class="_"> </span></span>种常见共识算法的性能对比。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x52 h3 ye6 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">表<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff4">1<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span>5<span class="_"> </span></span>种常见共识算法的性能对比<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x23 h3 ye7 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls20 ws51">T<span class="_ _5"></span>ab. 1 <span class="_"> </span> <span class="_"> </span>Performance comp<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ls17 ws17">arison of five common </span></div><div class="t m0 x53 h3 ye8 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls5c ws52">consensus algorithms </div><div class="t m0 x54 hc ye9 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">特性<span class="ff2 ls5d ws53"> PoW <span class="_ _1b"></span>PoS <span class="_ _13"></span>DPoS <span class="_ _22"></span>PBFT <span class="_ _7"></span>RBFT </span></div><div class="t m0 x55 hc yea ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">节点管理<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _23"> </span></span>公开<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _24"> </span></span>公开<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _24"> </span></span>公开<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _25"> </span></span>准入机制<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _26"> </span></span>准入机制</div><div class="t m0 x55 hc yeb ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">交易延时<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _27"> </span></span>高<span class="ff2">(</span>分钟<span class="ff2">)<span class="_ _28"> </span></span>低<span class="ff2">(</span>秒级<span class="ff2">)<span class="_ _28"> </span></span>低<span class="ff2">(</span>秒级<span class="ff2 ls5e">) <span class="_ _1d"> </span></span>低<span class="ff2">(</span>毫秒级<span class="ff2">)<span class="_ _29"> </span></span>低<span class="ff2">(</span>毫秒级<span class="ff2">)</span></div><div class="t m0 x56 hc yec ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">数据吞吐量<span class="_ _2a"> </span>低<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>高<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>高<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2c"> </span></span>高<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2d"> </span></span>高<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x55 hc yed ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">考虑节能<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2e"> </span></span>否<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>是<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>是<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2c"> </span></span>是<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2d"> </span></span>是<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x57 hc yee ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">安全性<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x58 hc yef ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls5f ws0"><50% </div><div class="t m0 x59 hc yf0 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">算力<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5a hc yef ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls5f ws0"><50% </div><div class="t m0 x5b hc yf0 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">股权<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5c hc yef ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls5f ws0"><50% </div><div class="t m0 x27 hc yf0 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">验证<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5d hc yef ff8 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">≤<span class="ff2 ls60">33.3% </span></div><div class="t m0 x5e hc yf0 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">恶意节点<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x5f hc yef ff8 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">≤<span class="ff2 ls60">33.3% </span></div><div class="t m0 x60 hb yf0 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">恶意节点</div><div class="t m0 x57 hc yf1 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">扩展性<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2f"> </span></span>好<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>好<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2b"> </span></span>好<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2c"> </span></span>差<span class="ff2"> <span class="_ _2d"> </span></span>差<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf yf2 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls54 ws0">目前的电力区块链交易市场设想大多数是搭</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yf3 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">建公有链和运用<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="ff2 ls42">PoW<span class="_ _1d"> </span></span>工作量证明共识机制的运营</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yf4 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">模式。在基于<span class="_ _1d"> </span><span class="ff2 ls42">PoW<span class="_ _1d"> </span></span>的公有链中，区块链已被证明</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yf5 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">了算力不足<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 lsc">50%</span>时，<span class="_ _e"></span>其上的交易信息不可伪造和修</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yf6 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">改。<span class="_ _7"></span>鉴于电力市场在我国为垄断市场，系统保密性</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yf7 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3a ws0">高，<span class="ff2 ls30">51%</span>非法算力出现的可能性小，故此方案<span class="_ _7"></span>在应</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yf8 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">用中的实施在现有文献中被考虑和运用的次数<span class="_ _a"></span>较</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yf9 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">多</div><div class="t m0 x3c h9 yfa ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls44 ws0">[22]</div><div class="t m0 x61 hf yfb ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="_ _9"></span>但区块链技术系统设计中存在着<span class="_ _5"></span>“不可能三</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf yfc ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">角”悖论，<span class="_ _7"></span>即系统无法兼顾去中心化、高效、安全</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 yfd ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">这<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2">3<span class="_ _18"> </span></span>个性能</div><div class="t m0 x59 h9 yfe ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls44 ws0">[23]</div><div class="t m0 x25 h7 yff ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。文献<span class="ff2 ls34">[24]</span>研究并改进了共识机制，</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y100 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">提出了及时剔除<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2 ls56">DPoS<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>共识机制中异常节点的解决</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y101 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">办法，<span class="_ _7"></span>即对匿名节点进行公开投票，将节点状态进</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y102 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">行标识。由此，本文设计运用<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2 ls56">DPoS<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>机制，将分布</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y103 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">式能源交易系统中的股权定义为碳排放量证明<span class="_ _a"></span>或</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y104 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">者绿证，<span class="_ _7"></span>并标识节点状态。系统设定本季度的区块</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y105 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">打包记账权由碳排放量最少的节点获得，<span class="_ _5"></span>那么为了</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y106 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">争夺记账权和对应奖励，<span class="_ _5"></span>绝大多数节点都将减少自</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y107 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">身的碳排放量，<span class="_ _5"></span>这种股权设定的目的是激励清洁能</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y108 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">源的使用和节能减排。当然在不同的形势条件下，</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y109 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">系统可以根据国家政策改变股权的形式。</div><div class="t m0 x45 h3 y10a ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y10b ff5 fs3 fc0 sc0 ls38 ws42">2.2 <span class="ff3 ls0 ws0">能源交易账户<span class="ff5"> </span></span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y10c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">目前区块链的交易模式分为两类，<span class="_ _5"></span>一类是基于</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y10d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">比特币系统的未花费输出<span class="ff2 ls61 ws54">(unspent transaction out<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff1 ls0 ws0">，</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y10e ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls14 ws0">UTXO)<span class="ff1 ls0">模型，<span class="_ _5"></span>另一类是以太坊的账户交易。<span class="_ _9"></span>比特币</span></div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y10f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">的交易模式区别于依赖第三方机构的传统交易，<span class="_ _5"></span>只</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y110 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">依靠<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_ _18"> </span></span>模型完成交易</div><div class="t m0 x5c h9 y111 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls44 ws0">[25]</div><div class="t m0 x62 h7 y112 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。图<span class="_ _16"> </span><span class="ff2 ls36">2(a)</span>是<span class="_ _18"> </span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_ _16"> </span></span>模</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y113 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">型，<span class="_ _c"></span>由图可知在<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_"> </span></span>模型中只关注输入值和输出</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y114 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">值，<span class="_ _7"></span>即节点对于分布式能源交易的买入量、卖出量<span class="ff2"> </span></div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/12249011/bg4.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y47 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">964 <span class="_ _10"> </span><span class="ff1">李彬等：基于区块链的分布式能源交易方案设计综述</span><span class="ls2 ws1"> <span class="_ _11"> </span>Vo<span class="_ _3"></span>l<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 4<span class="_ _3"></span>3<span class="_ _3"></span> N<span class="_ _3"></span>o<span class="_ _3"></span>.<span class="_ _3"></span> 3<span class="_ _3"></span> </span></div><div class="t m0 x63 h7 y115 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x63 h7 y116 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x64 h3 y117 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">图<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff4">2<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span></span>交易模型对比<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x65 h3 y118 ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls3 ws2">Fig. 2 <span class="_"> </span> <span class="_"> </span>Comparison of trading models </div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y119 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">和余额。<span class="_ _d"></span>以太坊则摒弃比特币<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_"> </span></span>模型，<span class="_ _d"></span>转而设</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y11a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">计账户模型，如图<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls63">2(b)</span>所示，用户可直接看到交易</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y11b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">前后账户的状态变化。<span class="_ _d"></span>两者各有利弊，<span class="_ _d"></span>如<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_"> </span></span>具</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y11c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">有匿名性，<span class="_ _5"></span>任何用户的未花费交易信息均为保密状</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y11d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">态，实现隐私保护，而账户模型无法实现匿名<span class="_ _a"></span>；</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y11e ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls62 ws0">UTXO<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">可并行运行，<span class="_ _7"></span>而以太坊难以扩展；<span class="_ _5"></span><span class="ff2 ls4a">UTXO<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">模</span></span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y11f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">型只能实现账户状态简单转换、<span class="_ _7"></span>缺少循环语句，而</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y120 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">以太坊通过智能合约的几行代码实现复杂状态<span class="_ _a"></span>转</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y121 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">换；<span class="_ _7"></span><span class="ff2 ls62">UTXO<span class="_"> </span><span class="ff1 ls0">脚本语言缺少图灵完备性、<span class="_ _7"></span>无法与智能</span></span></div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y122 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">合约相结合，而以太坊可与智能合约结合</div><div class="t m0 x66 h9 y123 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[26]</div><div class="t m0 x67 h7 y124 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x33 hf y125 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">参照以太坊的账户模型概念，<span class="_ _5"></span>本文设计的分布</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y126 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls3f ws0">式能源交易账户分为外部账户和合约账户两个<span class="_ _a"></span>部</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y127 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">分。<span class="_ _5"></span>分布式能源交易系统的任何状态变动都由外部</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y128 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">账户的交易触发，<span class="_ _5"></span>图<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">3<span class="_"> </span></span>为交易过程中外部账户与合</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y129 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">约账户的信息传输，<span class="_ _7"></span>其中外部账户之间传输的“交</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y12a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">易信息”<span class="_ _7"></span>只是实现了简单的价值转移，外部账户与</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y12b ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">合约账户传输的<span class="_ _7"></span>“交易信息”可调动合约账户中的</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y12c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">程序代码执行，<span class="_ _7"></span>合约账户与外部账户传输的“状态</div><div class="t m0 x1 hf y12d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">信息”<span class="_ _7"></span>触发外部账户的状态改变，从而完成分布式</div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y12e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls45 ws0">能源交易过程中的节点账户付款、收款等交易<span class="_ _e"></span><span class="ff2 ls0"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x1 h7 y12f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">操作。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x57 hb y130 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">外部账户</div><div class="t m0 x68 hb y131 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">合约账户</div><div class="t m0 x59 hb y132 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">交易信息</div><div class="t m0 x69 hb y133 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">状态信息</div><div class="t m0 x6a hb y134 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">交易信息</div><div class="t m0 x6b hc y135 ff2 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls64 ws0"><code></div><div class="t m0 xd h10 y136 ff8 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ұ</div><div class="t m0 x39 hb y130 ff1 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">外部账户</div><div class="t m0 x6c h10 y137 ff8 fs7 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">Ұ</div><div class="t m0 x6d h7 y138 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x6e h3 y139 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">图<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff4">3<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span></span>交易过程中外部账户与合约账户的信息传输<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x6f h3 y13a ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws55">Fig. 3 <span class="_"> </span> <span class="_"> </span>T<span class="_ _5"></span>ransaction of external<span class="_ _7"></span> account and contract </div><div class="t m0 x70 h3 y13b ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls1c ws51">account during th<span class="_ _7"></span>e transaction </div><div class="t m0 x36 h7 y13c ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">1<span class="ff1">）外部账户。</span> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y13d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">外部账户用于存放用户的余额、<span class="_ _5"></span>发送接收交易</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y13e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">信息、<span class="_ _7"></span>检测当前交易是否只被处理过一次、通过私</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y13f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">钥控制是否进行交易、<span class="_ _5"></span>存储所有的账户信息和交易</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y140 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">记录。<span class="_ _7"></span>外部账户可独立发起和响应交易，交易信息</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y141 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">为经私钥签名后的数据包。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x36 h7 y142 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">2<span class="ff1">）合约账户。</span> </div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y143 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">合约账户存放不同的智能合约代码，<span class="_ _5"></span>通过交易</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y144 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">触发代码执行，<span class="_ _5"></span>交易信息参数将作为代码的参数输</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y145 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">入值。<span class="_ _7"></span>合约账户无法单独发起交易，只能响应外部</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y146 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">账户的交易信息，<span class="_ _5"></span>或者由此响应触发生成状态信息</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y147 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">并发送给外部账户。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x36 hf y148 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls54 ws0">智能合约作为分布式能源交易区块链上的一</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y149 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">个小程序，包含交易时间、<span class="_ _7"></span>金额、买卖双方、能源</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y14a ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">种类等一系列分布式能源交易信息</div><div class="t m0 x71 h9 y14b ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[27]</div><div class="t m0 x72 hf y14c ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">，<span class="_ _d"></span>智能合约的</div><div class="t m0 x32 h7 y14d ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">生成过程如图<span class="_ _14"> </span><span class="ff2">4<span class="_"> </span></span>所示。<span class="_ _5"></span>节点可以根据交易业务需求</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y14e ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">自行制定智能合约内容，<span class="_ _5"></span>也可以选择系统自适应于</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y14f ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">不同服务业务的智能合约</div><div class="t m0 x46 h9 y150 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls44 ws0">[28]</div><div class="t m0 x47 hf y151 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="_ _d"></span>此处的智能合约自适</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y152 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">应机制是指，<span class="_ _5"></span>智能合约能根据分布式能源交易市场</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y153 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">的各种因素及时更新内容，<span class="_ _5"></span>如根据分布式能源发电</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y154 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">商所在地选择能源种类，西北地区首选风力发电，</div><div class="t m0 x32 hf y155 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">而南方沿海地区首选水力发电等</div><div class="t m0 x73 h9 y156 ff2 fs5 fc1 sc0 ls40 ws0">[29]</div><div class="t m0 x74 h7 y157 ff1 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">。<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x75 h7 y158 ff2 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0"> </div><div class="t m0 x76 h3 y159 ff3 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws0">图<span class="_ _0"> </span><span class="ff4">4<span class="ff2 ls1"> </span></span>智能合约的生成过程<span class="ff2"> </span></div><div class="t m0 x77 h3 y15a ff4 fs0 fc1 sc0 ls0 ws40">Fig. 4 <span class="_"> </span> <span class="_"> </span>Smart contract generation pr<span class="_ _7"></span>ocess </div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>
