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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="generator" content="pdf2htmlEX"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/base.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/base/css/fancy.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/raw.css"> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/compatibility.min.js"></script> <script src="https://static.pudn.com/base/js/pdf2htmlEX.min.js"></script> <script> try{ pdf2htmlEX.defaultViewer = new pdf2htmlEX.Viewer({}); }catch(e){} </script> <title></title> </head> <body> <div id="sidebar" style="display: none"> <div id="outline"> </div> </div> <div id="pf1" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="1"><div class="pc pc1 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/bg1.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h2 y1 ff1 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y2 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram, Stephen, 1959 –</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y4 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws1"> Mathematica book / Stephen Wolfram. — 5th ed.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y5 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls3 ws2"> p. cm.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y6 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls4 ws3"> Includes index.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y7 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws3"> ISBN 1–57955–022–3 (hardbound).</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y8 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws4"> 1. Mathematica (Computer file) 2. Mathematics—Data processing.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y9 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws4"> I. Title.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 ya ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws5"> QA76.95.W65 2003</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 yb ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 ws6"> 510 .285 5369—dc21 XX–XXXXX</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 yc ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1"> CIP</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 yd ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1"> </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 ye ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">Comments on this book will be welcomed at:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 yf ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls8 ws1">comments@wolfram.com </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y10 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">In publications that refer to the Mathematica</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y11 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">system, please cite this book as:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y12 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Stephen Wolfram, The Mathematica Book, 5th ed.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y13 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls2 ws6">(Wolfram Media, 2003) </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y14 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">First and second editions published by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y15 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsa">under the title Mathematica: A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y16 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">Third and fourth editions co-published by Wolfram Media and Cambridge University Press.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y17 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">Published by: </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y18 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ISBN 1–57955–022–3 </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y19 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram Media, Inc. web: www.wolfram–media.com; email: info@wolfram–media.com phone:</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">+1–217–398–9090; fax: +1–217–398–9095</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y1b ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsd ws1">mail: 100 Trade Center Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y1c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Copyright © 1988, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2003 by Wolfram Research, Inc.</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y1d ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y1e ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y1f ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">written permission of the copyright holder. </div><div class="t m0 x2 h6 y20 ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse wsc">Printed from the Mathematica Help Browser</div><div class="t m0 x3 h7 y21 ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">1</div><div class="t m0 x4 h8 y22 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">©1988-2003 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div> </body> </html>

<div id="pf2" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="2"><div class="pc pc2 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/bg2.jpg"><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y23 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram Research is the holder of the copyright to the Mathematica software system described in this book,</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y24 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">including without limitation such aspects of the system as its code, structure, sequence, organization, “look</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y25 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">and feel”, programming language and compilation of command names. Use of the system unless pursuant</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y26 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">to the terms of a license granted by Wolfram Research or as otherwise authorized by law is an infringement</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y27 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">of the copyright. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y28 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">The author, Wolfram Research, Inc. and Wolfram Media, Inc. make no representations, express or</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y29 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">implied, with respect to this documentation or the software it describes, including without limita-</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2a ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">tions, any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, all of which are</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2b ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">expressly disclaimed. Users should be aware that included in the terms and conditions under which</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2c ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram Research is willing to license Mathematica is a provision that the author, Wolfram</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2d ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Research, Wolfram Media, and their distribution licensees, distributors and dealers shall in no event</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2e ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">be liable for any indirect, incidental or consequential damages, and that liability for direct damages</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y2f ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">shall be limited to the amount of the purchase price paid for Mathematica. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y30 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">In addition to the foregoing, users should recognize that all complex software systems and their</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y31 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">documentation contain errors and omissions. The author, Wolfram Research and Wolfram Media</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y32 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">shall not be responsible under any circumstances for providing information on or corrections to</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y33 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">errors and omissions discovered at any time in this book or the software it describes, whether or not</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y34 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">they are aware of the errors or omissions. The author, Wolfram Research and Wolfram Media do not</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y35 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">recommend the use of the software described in this book for applications in which errors or omis-</div><div class="t m0 x1 h4 y36 ff3 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">sions could threaten life, injury or significant loss. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y37 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsf ws1">Mathematica, MathLink and MathSource are registered trademarks of Wolfram Research. J/Link, MathLM,</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y38 ff5 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls17 ws1">MathReader, .NET/Link, Notebooks and webMathematica are trademarks of Wolfram Research. All other</div><div class="t m0 x1 h5 y39 ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">trademarks used are the property of their respective owners. Mathematica is not associated with Mathemat-</div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3a ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">ica Policy Research, Inc. or MathTech, Inc. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3b ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsa">Printed in the United States of America. (¶) Acid-free paper. </div><div class="t m0 x1 h3 y3c ff2 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1b wsd">15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 </div><div class="t m0 x2 h7 y3d ff3 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">2</div><div class="t m0 x5 h6 y3e ff6 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Printed from the Mathematica Help Browser</div><div class="t m0 x4 h8 y22 ff2 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">©1988-2003 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf3" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="3"><div class="pc pc3 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/bg3.jpg"><div class="t m1 x1 h9 y3f ff8 fs3 fc1 sc0 ls1c wse">About the Author</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y40 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Stephen Wolfram is the creator of Mathematica, and a well-known scientist. He is widely regarded as the most impor-</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y41 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">tant innovator in technical computing today, as well as one of the world's most original research scientists. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y42 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Born in London in 1959, he was educated at Eton, Oxford and Caltech. He published his first scientific paper at the age</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y43 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">of fifteen, and had received his PhD in theoretical physics from Caltech by the age of twenty. Wolfram's early scientific</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y44 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">work was mainly in high-energy physics, quantum field theory and cosmology, and included several now-classic</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y45 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">results. Having started to use computers in 1973, Wolfram rapidly became a leader in the emerging field of scientific</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y46 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">computing, and in 1979 he began the construction of SMP—the first modern computer algebra system—which he</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y47 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">released commercially in 1981. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y48 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">In recognition of his early work in physics and computing, Wolfram became in 1981 the youngest recipient of a</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y49 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">MacArthur Prize Fellowship. Late in 1981, Wolfram then set out on an ambitious new direction in science: to develop</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4a ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">a general theory of complexity in nature. Wolfram's key idea was to use computer experiments to study the behavior of</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4b ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">simple computer programs known as cellular automata. And in 1982 he made the first in a series of startling discover-</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4c ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ies about the origins of complexity. The publication of Wolfram's papers on cellular automata led to a major shift in</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4d ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">scientific thinking, and laid the groundwork for a new field of science that Wolfram named “complex systems</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4e ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">research”. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4f ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Through the mid-1980s, Wolfram continued his work on complexity, discovering a number of fundamental connec-</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y50 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">tions between computation and nature, and inventing such concepts as computational irreducibility. Wolfram's work</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y51 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">led to a wide range of applications—and provided the main scientific foundations for the popular movements known as</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y52 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">complexity theory and artificial life. Wolfram himself used his ideas to develop a new randomness generation system</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y53 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">and a new approach to computational fluid dynamics—both of which are now in widespread use. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y54 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Following his scientific work on complex systems research, Wolfram in 1986 founded the first research center and first</div><div class="c x1 y55 w2 hb"><div class="t m1 x0 ha y56 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">j</div></div><div class="t m1 x6 ha y57 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ournal in the field. Then, after a highly successful career in academia—first at Caltech, then at the Institute for</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y58 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Advanced Study in Princeton, and finally as Professor of Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science at the University</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y59 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">of Illinois—Wolfram launched Wolfram Research, Inc. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5a ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram began the development of Mathematica in late 1986. The first version of Mathematica was released on June</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5b ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">23, 1988, and was immediately hailed as a major advance in computing. In the years that followed, the popularity of</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5c ffa fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws1">Mathematica grew rapidly, and Wolfram Research became established as a world leader in the software industry,</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5d ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">widely recognized for excellence in both technology and business. Wolfram has been president and CEO of Wolfram</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5e ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Research since its inception, and continues to be personally responsible for the overall design of its core technology. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y5f ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Following the release of Mathematica Version 2 in 1991, Wolfram began to divide his time between Mathematica</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y60 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">development and scientific research. Building on his work from the mid-1980s, and now with Mathematica as a tool,</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y61 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram made a rapid succession of major new discoveries. By the mid-1990s his discoveries led him to develop a</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y62 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">fundamentally new conceptual framework, which he then spent the remainder of the 1990s applying not only to new</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y63 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">kinds of questions, but also to many existing foundational problems in physics, biology, computer science, mathematics</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y64 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls7 wsa">and several other fields. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y65 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">After more than ten years of highly concentrated work, Wolfram finally described his achievements in his 1200-page</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y66 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">book A New Kind of Science. Released on May 14, 2002, the book was widely acclaimed and immediately became a</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y67 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">bestseller. Its publication has been seen as initiating a paradigm shift of historic importance in science. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y68 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">In addition to leading Wolfram Research to break new ground with innovative technology, Wolfram is now developing</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y69 ff9 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">a series of research and educational initiatives in the science he has created. </div><div class="t m1 x1 h4 y6a ff8 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">Other books by Stephen Wolfram: </div><div class="t m1 x1 hc y6b ffb fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">è Cellular Automata and Complexity: Collected Papers (1993)</div><div class="t m1 x2 h6 y6c ffa fs1 fc0 sc0 lse wsc">Printed from the Mathematica Help Browser</div><div class="t m1 x3 h7 y6d ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">1</div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y22 ffd fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">©1988-2003 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf4" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="4"><div class="pc pc4 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/bg4.jpg"><div class="t m1 x1 hc y6e ffb fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">è A New Kind of Science (2002)</div><div class="t m1 x1 h7 y6f ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Author's website:</div><div class="t m1 x1 hd y70 ffd fs1 fc0 sc0 ls23 ws1">www.stephenwolfram.com</div><div class="t m1 x1 h7 y71 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Author's address:</div><div class="t m1 x1 hc y72 ffc fs1 fc0 sc0 ls24 ws1">email: s.wolfram@wolfram.com</div><div class="t m1 x1 hc y73 ffc fs1 fc0 sc0 ls25 ws1">mail: c/o Wolfram Research, Inc.</div><div class="t m1 x1 hd y74 ffd fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws10"> 100 Trade Center Drive</div><div class="t m1 x1 hd y75 ffd fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1"> Champaign, IL 61820, USA</div><div class="t m1 x1 hc y76 ffc fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws10">For comments on this book or Mathematica</div><div class="t m1 x1 h7 y77 ffc fs1 fc0 sc0 ls26 ws10">send email to comments@wolfram.com</div><div class="t m1 x2 h7 y78 ff8 fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">2</div><div class="t m1 x5 h6 y79 ffa fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Printed from the Mathematica Help Browser</div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y22 ffd fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">©1988-2003 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>

<div id="pf5" class="pf w0 h0" data-page-no="5"><div class="pc pc5 w0 h0"><img class="bi x0 y0 w1 h1" alt="" src="https://static.pudn.com/prod/directory_preview_static/6261ef156600d10802c548b6/bg5.jpg"><div class="t m1 x1 h9 y3f ffe fs3 fc1 sc0 ls28 ws1">About Mathematica</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y40 ff10 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws1">Mathematica is the world's only fully integrated environment for technical computing. First released in 1988, it has had</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y41 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls6 ws8">a profound effect on the way computers are used in many technical and other fields. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y42 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">It is often said that the release of Mathematica marked the beginning of modern technical computing. Ever since the</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y43 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">1960s individual packages had existed for specific numerical, algebraic, graphical and other tasks. But the visionary</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y44 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">concept of Mathematica was to create once and for all a single system that could handle all the various aspects of</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y45 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">technical computing in a coherent and unified way. The key intellectual advance that made this possible was the</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y46 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">invention of a new kind of symbolic computer language that could for the first time manipulate the very wide range of</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y47 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">objects involved in technical computing using only a fairly small number of basic primitives. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y48 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">When Mathematica Version 1 was released, the New York Times wrote that “the importance of the program cannot be</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y49 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">overlooked”, and Business Week later ranked Mathematica among the ten most important new products of the year.</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4a ff10 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws1">Mathematica was also hailed in the technical community as a major intellectual and practical revolution. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7a ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">At first, Mathematica's impact was felt mainly in the physical sciences, engineering and mathematics. But over the</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7b ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">years, Mathematica has become important in a remarkably wide range of fields. Mathematica is used today throughout</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7c ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">the sciences—physical, biological, social and other—and counts many of the world's foremost scientists among its</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7d ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">enthusiastic supporters. It has played a crucial role in many important discoveries, and has been the basis for thousands</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y4f ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">of technical papers. In engineering, Mathematica has become a standard tool for both development and production, and</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y50 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">by now many of the world's important new products rely at one stage or another in their design on Mathematica. In</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y51 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">commerce, Mathematica has played a significant role in the growth of sophisticated financial modeling, as well as</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y52 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">being widely used in many kinds of general planning and analysis. Mathematica has also emerged as an important tool</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y53 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">in computer science and software development: its language component is widely used as a research, prototyping and</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7e ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls0 ws0">interface environment. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y7f ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">The largest part of Mathematica's user community consists of technical professionals. But Mathematica is also heavily</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y80 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">used in education, and there are now many hundreds of courses—from high school to graduate school—based on it. In</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y81 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">addition, with the availability of student versions, Mathematica has become an important tool for both technical and</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y82 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls5 ws7">non-technical students around the world. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y83 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">The diversity of Mathematica's user base is striking. It spans all continents, ages from below ten up, and includes for</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y84 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">example artists, composers, linguists and lawyers. There are also many hobbyists from all walks of life who use</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y85 ff10 fs0 fc0 sc0 lsa ws1">Mathematica to further their interests in science, mathematics and computing. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y86 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Ever since Mathematica was first released, its user base has grown steadily, and by now the total number of users is</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y87 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">above a million. Mathematica has become a standard in a great many organizations, and it is used today in all of the</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y88 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Fortune 50 companies, all of the 15 major departments of the U.S. government, and all of the 50 largest universities in</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y89 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">the world. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8a ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">At a technical level, Mathematica is widely regarded as a major feat of software engineering. It is one of the largest</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8b ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">single application programs ever developed, and it contains a vast array of novel algorithms and important technical</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8c ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">innovations. Among its core innovations are its interconnected algorithm knowledgebase, and its concepts of symbolic</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8d ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">programming and of document-centered interfaces. </div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8e ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">The development of Mathematica has been carried out at Wolfram Research by a world-class team led by Stephen</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y8f ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">Wolfram. The success of Mathematica has fueled the continuing growth of Wolfram Research, and has allowed a large</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y90 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">community of independent Mathematica-related businesses to develop. There are today well over a hundred special-</div><div class="t m1 x1 ha y91 ff11 fs0 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">ized commercial packages available for Mathematica, as well as more than three hundred books devoted to the system. </div><div class="t m1 x2 h6 y20 ff10 fs1 fc0 sc0 lse wsc">Printed from the Mathematica Help Browser</div><div class="t m1 x3 h7 y21 ffe fs1 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">1</div><div class="t m1 x4 h8 y22 ff12 fs2 fc0 sc0 ls1 ws1">©1988-2003 Wolfram Research, Inc. All rights reserved.</div></div><div class="pi" data-data='{"ctm":[1.611639,0.000000,0.000000,1.611639,0.000000,0.000000]}'></div></div>